Definition/Ru

• Original, v.1.1: English
• Translations, v.1.1: العربية • български • català • čeština • Deutsch • Ελληνικά • Esperanto • español • فارسی • français • galego • hrvatski • italiano • 한국어 • македонски • मराठी • norsk bokmål • Nederlands • norsk nynorsk • polski • português • română • русский • slovenčina • slovenščina • svenska • Tiếng Việt
• Translations, v.1.0 (update/review pending): suomi
• More in progress

Стабильная версияЭто стабильная версия 1.0 определения. Номер версии будет обновляться по мере развития определения. На странице Definition/Unstable находится версия определения доступная для правки. Более подробную информацию можно найти на странице authoring process, если вы желаете принять участие в переводах определения, обратите, пожалуйста, внимание на страницу translations.

Краткое описание

Этот документ определяет «свободные произведения культуры», как произведения или высказывания, которые можно свободно изучать, применять, копировать и/или изменять, кому угодно, для каких угодно целей. Он также описывает некоторые допустимые ограничения, касающиеся защиты этих основных свобод. В определении различаются понятия «свободные произведения» и «свободные лицензии», которые могут использоваться для юридической защиты статуса свободных произведений. Данное определение само по себе не является лицензией, оно служит инструментом для определения того, может ли произведение или лицензия считаться «свободным».

Преамбула

Социальный и технический прогресс даёт всё большей части человечества возможность получать доступ, создавать, изменять, издавать и распространять различные виды работ — произведения искусства, научные и образовательные материалы, программное обеспечение, статьи, в общем, всё, что можно представить в цифровом виде. Чтобы осуществлять эти новые возможности и создать изобилие доступных для совместного использования произведений было образовано множество сообществ.

Большинство авторов, независимо от сферы деятельности, профессионального или любительского положения, проявляют неподдельный интерес к экосистеме, в которой произведения могут распространяться, служить основой для других работ, повторно использоваться в творческих целях. Чем проще повторно использовать произведения, создавать на их основе новые, тем богаче становятся наши культуры.

To ensure the graceful functioning of this ecosystem, works of authorship should be free, and by freedom we mean:

• the freedom to use the work and enjoy the benefits of using it
• the freedom to study the work and to apply knowledge acquired from it
• the freedom to make and redistribute copies, in whole or in part, of the information or expression
• the freedom to make changes and improvements, and to distribute derivative works

These freedoms should be available to anyone, anywhere, anytime. They should not be restricted by the context in which the work is used. Creativity is the act of using an existing resource in a way that had not been envisioned before.

In most countries however, these freedoms are not enforced but suppressed by the laws commonly named copyright laws. They consider authors as god-like creators and give them an exclusive monopoly as to how "their content" can be re-used. This monopoly impedes the flourishing of culture, and it does not even help the economic situation of authors so much as it protects the business model of the most powerful publishing companies.

In spite of those laws, authors can make their works free by choosing among a vast array of legal documents known as free licenses. For an author, choosing to put his work under a free license does not mean that he loses all his rights, but it gives to anyone the freedoms listed above.

It is important that any work that claims to be free provides, practically and without any risk, the aforementioned freedoms. This is why we hereafter give a precise definition of freedom for licenses and for works of authorship.

Идентификация свободных произведений культуры

This is the Definition of Free Cultural Works, and when describing your work, we encourage you to make reference to this definition, as in, "This is a freely licensed work, as explained in the Definition of Free Cultural Works." If you do not like the term "Free Cultural Work," you can use the generic term "Free Content," or refer instead to one of the existing movements that express similar freedoms in more specific contexts. We also encourage you to use the Free Cultural Works logos and buttons, which are in the public domain.

Please be advised that such identification does not actually confer the rights described in this definition; for your work to be truly free, it must use one of the Free Culture Licenses or be in the public domain.

We discourage you to use other terms to identify Free Cultural Works which do not convey a clear definition of freedom, such as "Open Content" and "Open Access." These terms are often used to refer to content which is available under "less restrictive" terms than those of existing copyright laws, or even for works that are just "available on the Web".

Определение свободных лицензий на произведения культуры

Licenses are legal instruments through which the owner of certain legal rights may transfer these rights to third parties. Free Culture Licenses do not take any rights away -- they are always optional to accept, and if accepted, they grant freedoms which copyright law alone does not provide. When accepted, they never limit or reduce existing exemptions in copyright laws.

Основные свободы

In order to be recognized as "free" under this definition, a license must grant the following freedoms without limitation:

• The freedom to use and perform the work: The licensee must be allowed to make any use, private or public, of the work. For kinds of works where it is relevant, this freedom should include all derived uses ("related rights") such as performing or interpreting the work. There must be no exception regarding, for example, political or religious considerations.
• The freedom to study the work and apply the information: The licensee must be allowed to examine the work and to use the knowledge gained from the work in any way. The license may not, for example, restrict "reverse engineering".
• The freedom to redistribute copies: Copies may be sold, swapped or given away for free, as part of a larger work, a collection, or independently. There must be no limit on the amount of information that can be copied. There must also not be any limit on who can copy the information or on where the information can be copied.
• The freedom to distribute derivative works: In order to give everyone the ability to improve upon a work, the license must not limit the freedom to distribute a modified version (or, for physical works, a work somehow derived from the original), regardless of the intent and purpose of such modifications. However, some restrictions may be applied to protect these essential freedoms or the attribution of authors (see below).

Допустимые ограничения

Not all restrictions on the use or distribution of works impede essential freedoms. In particular, requirements for attribution, for symmetric collaboration (i.e., "copyleft"), and for the protection of essential freedom are considered permissible restrictions.

Определение свободных произведений культуры

In order to be considered free, a work must be covered by a Free Culture License, or its legal status must provide the same essential freedoms enumerated above. It is not, however, a sufficient condition. Indeed, a specific work may be non-free in other ways that restrict the essential freedoms. These are the additional conditions in order for a work to be considered free:

• Availability of source data: Where a final work has been obtained through the compilation or processing of a source file or multiple source files, all underlying source data should be available alongside the work itself under the same conditions. This can be the score of a musical composition, the models used in a 3D scene, the data of a scientific publication, the source code of a computer application, or any other such information.
• Use of a free format: For digital files, the format in which the work is made available should not be protected by patents, unless a world-wide, unlimited and irrevocable royalty-free grant is given to make use of the patented technology. While non-free formats may sometimes be used for practical reasons, a free format copy must be available for the work to be considered free.
• No technical restrictions: The work must be available in a form where no technical measures are used to limit the freedoms enumerated above.
• No other restrictions or limitations: The work itself must not be covered by legal restrictions (patents, contracts, etc.) or limitations (such as privacy rights) which would impede the freedoms enumerated above. A work may make use of existing legal exemptions to copyright (in order to cite copyrighted works), though only the portions of it which are unambiguously free constitute a free work.

In other words, whenever the user of a work cannot legally or practically exercise his or her basic freedoms, the work cannot be considered and should not be called "free."

См. также

• Лицензии для обсуждения отдельных лицензий, и удовлетворяют они этому определению или нет.
• Историю о признании и стоках этого определения.
• FAQ с некоторыми вопросами и ответами.
• Портал:Индекс для страниц тематического индекса о свободных культурных работах.

Изменения

Новые версии этого определения должны быть выпущены, как только консенсус (достигнутый непосредственно или через голосование, согласно процессу авторской разработки) вокруг предложенных изменений становится очевидным. Нумерация должна быть 0.x для начальных выпусков проекта, 1.x, 2.x .. для основных выпусков, x.1, x.2 .. для незначительных выпусков. Незначительный выпуск создаётся, когда текст изменен таким образом, что не влияют на возможности существующих или гипотетических лицензий, покрываемых этим определением.