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== Kriteria untuk memilih lisensi ==
== Criteria for choosing a license ==


Selanjutnya kami akan menjelaskan beberapa kriteria yang dapat mempengaruhi pilihan Anda isi bebas lisensi. Kriteria-kriteria tersebut tidak inheren baik atau buruk. Pentingnya setiap kriteria tergantung pada konteks (misalnya jenis pekerjaan, atau jenis proses kolaboratif Anda ingin mendorong), dan preferensi pribadi.
We explain hereafter some of the criteria which may influence your choice of a free content license. Those criteria are not inherently good or bad. The importance of each criteria depends on the context (for example the kind of work, or the kind of collaborative process you want to encourage), and on personal preferences.


Daftar ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk menjadi lengkap. Aspek-aspek lain mungkin penting, seperti kejelasan kata-kata dari lisensi, atau filsafat yang dipertahankan oleh para penulisnya, atau apakah lisensi ini dikelilingi oleh komunitas penulis aktif.
This list is not meant to be exhaustive. Other aspects may be important, like the clarity of the wording of a license, or the philosophy which is defended by its authors, or whether the license is surrounded by an active community of authors.


Endly, kami ingin menekankan bahwa,'' 'sebelum memilih sebuah lisensi, anda harus membaca teks lisensi dengan hati-hati.''' Tidak ada ringkasan, tidak peduli betapa menarik atau menenteramkan, bisa menggantikan pemahaman rinci lisensi itu sendiri.
Endly, we want to stress that, '''before choosing a license, you must read the license text carefully.''' No summary, no matter how attractive or reassuring, can replace detailed understanding of the license itself.


Dimaksudkan lingkup === ===
=== Intended scope ===


Beberapa lisensi berjuang untuk menjadi seperti generik seperti yang secara manusiawi (atau lebih tepatnya, secara hukum) mungkin. Lain sengaja fokus pada penciptaan domain yang spesifik, seperti perangkat lunak, atau dokumentasi. Ketika lisensi telah seperti fokus, itu tidak berarti bahwa tidak dapat digunakan untuk jenis pekerjaan lain, tapi bahwa area utama digunakan (dan dengan demikian pengakuan sosial sebagai lisensi Kemanan) adalah jelas dibatasi.
Some licenses strive to be as generic as is humanly (or rather, legally) possible. Others deliberately focus on a specific domain of creation, like software, or documentation. When a license has such a focus, it doesn't mean that it cannot be used for other kinds of works, but that its main area of use (and thus its social recognition as a trustable license) is clearly bounded.


Sebagai contoh, GNU GPL dapat digunakan untuk berbagai jenis karya, tetapi kawasan utama pengenalan perangkat lunak.
For example, the GNU GPL can be used for many kinds of works, but its main area of recognition is software.


Copyleft === ===
=== Copyleft ===


[[Image: Fd_sq_icon_sa.svg | 48px]]
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_sa.svg|48px]]


Ketika sebuah pekerjaan adalah "copyleft", itu berarti semua yang diturunkan bekerja (bahkan jika mereka mencampur dalam karya lainnya juga) harus didistribusikan di bawah persyaratan yang sama (biasanya yang persis sama lisensi) sebagai karya asli. Sebaliknya, non-copyleft bekerja dapat didistribusikan di bawah persyaratan yang berbeda, dan bahkan dapat diartikan non-free.
When a work is "copylefted", it means all derived works (even if they mix in other works as well) must be distributed under the same terms (usually the same exact license) as the original work. Conversely, a non-copylefted work can be distributed under different terms, and even be rendered non-free.


Oleh karena itu, dengan menggunakan lisensi copyleft cukup menjamin bahwa pengguna karya-karya berikutnya (misalnya diubah salinan) akan diberikan kebebasan esensial yang sama. Di sisi lain, sebuah lisensi copyleft juga dapat membatasi kesempatan untuk kembali digunakan, karena kebanyakan lisensi copyleft tidak kompatibel antara satu sama lain. Inilah sebabnya mengapa orang kadang-kadang lebih suka lisensi non-copyleft, tergantung pada pekerjaan dan jenis praktek-praktek mereka ingin mendorong.
Therefore, using a copyleft license pretty much guarantees that users of subsequent works (for example modified copies) will be granted the same essential freedoms. On the other hand, a copyleft license can also limit opportunities for re-use, because most copyleft licenses are not compatible between each other. This is why people sometimes prefer non-copyleft license, depending on the work and the kind of practices they want to encourage.


ShareAlike''''adalah sinonim dari copyleft''''dalam kosakata Creative Commons.
''ShareAlike'' is a synonym of ''copyleft'' in the Creative Commons vocabulary.


Copyleft yang kuat juga melarang menghubungkan atau integrasi subjek karya karya yang lebih besar / proyek-proyek yang tidak juga dilisensikan dengan lisensi dengan istilah copyleft yang kompatibel. Copyleft lemah kekurangan seperti 'virus copyleft' persyaratan.
Strong copyleft also forbids linking or integration the subject work into larger works/projects that are not also licensed with a license with compatible copyleft terms. Weak copyleft lacks such a 'viral copyleft' requirement.


Praktis modifiability === ===
=== Practical modifiability ===


[[Image: Fd_sq_icon_sc.svg | 48px]]
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_sc.svg|48px]]


Walaupun semua lisensi bebas memberikan''''hukum hak untuk memodifikasi, tidak semua dari mereka mencoba untuk menentukan bagaimana modifiability dari pekerjaan praktis''''ditegakkan. [[Source Code | Mengharuskan modifiability]] adalah penting, terutama untuk karya-karya yang dapat didistribusikan di bawah format yang benar-benar buram seperti perangkat lunak kode biner ('' "kode obyek "'').
Although all free licenses give you the ''legal'' right to modify, not all of them try to specify how modifiability of the work is ''practically'' enforced. [[Source Code|Requiring modifiability]] is important, especially for works which can be distributed under a completely opaque format such as software binary code (''"object code"'').


Lisensi yang membutuhkan modifiability praktis biasanya mendefinisikan suatu pengertian''source code'',''''data sumber atau mirip. GNU FDL mendefinisikan''''salinan transparan dan melarang penggunaan teknologi tindakan perlindungan (TPM). Lisensi Creative Commons melarang penggunaan TPMs.
The licenses which require practical modifiability usually define a notion of ''source code'', ''source data'' or similar. The GNU FDL defines ''transparent copies'' and disallows use of technological protection measures (TPM). The Creative Commons licenses disallow use of TPMs.


Attribution === ===
=== Attribution ===


[[Image: Fd_sq_icon_by.svg | 48px]]
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_by.svg|48px]]


Membutuhkan atribusi berarti bahwa penulis untuk pekerjaan yang harus diakui dalam situasi apapun. Dalam konteks karya turunan (diubah copy), ini termasuk awal serta selanjutnya penulis dan kontributor.
Requiring attribution means that authorship for the work must be recognized in any circumstances. In the context of derived works (modified copies), this includes the initial as well as subsequent authors and contributors.


Hal ini sering menyatakan bahwa semua lisensi secara implisit dapat membutuhkan atribusi, karena mereka mengamanatkan bahwa pemberitahuan hak cipta harus tetap utuh ketika membagikan salinannya. Dengan termasuk up-to-date kepengarangan informasi dalam pemberitahuan hak cipta, seseorang dapat benar-benar melarang karya-karya berikutnya untuk menghapus informasi tersebut. Namun, kontribusi terhadap pekerjaan yang tidak dijamin akan juga dikreditkan dengan menggunakan mekanisme seperti itu, memang, hal itu didasarkan pada kemauan baik dari penulis (atau pengelola) dari karya-karya berikutnya. Memiliki persyaratan Attribution mencegah hal ini terjadi dan mandat bahwa semua karya-karya berikutnya memiliki kebijakan yang sama menyebutkan penulisnya.
It is often stated that all licenses can implicitly require attribution, as they mandate that the copyright notice must be kept intact when distributing copies. By including up-to-date authorship information in the copyright notice, one can indeed forbid subsequent works to erase that information. However, future contributions to the work are not guaranteed to be also credited using such a mechanism; indeed, it is based on the good will of authors (or maintainers) of subsequent works. Having an Attribution requirement prevents this from happening and mandates that all subsequent works have the same policy in mentioning authorship.


Atribusi adalah pedang bermata dua, karena dapat menjadi beban berat untuk mendaftarkan semua kontributor untuk proyek-proyek yang menyiratkan mulus dan kolaborasi besar-besaran (seperti Wikipedia). Bagi banyak karya itu, Namun, persyaratan yang masuk akal.
Attribution is a double-edged sword, as it may become a heavy burden to list all contributors for projects which imply seamless and massive collaboration (like Wikipedia). For many works it is, however, a reasonable requirement.


=== === Hak Terkait
=== Related rights ===
[[Image: Fd_sq_icon_rr.svg | 48px]]
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_rr.svg|48px]]


Hak terkait''''bukan sekadar keprihatinan menyalin dan modifikasi dari pekerjaan, tetapi penggunaannya dalam turunan cara: misalnya, melakukan pekerjaan, menampilkan di depan umum atau swasta, penyiaran, webcasting, dll hak Related ada untuk berbagai daerah penciptaan (lagu, teater ...); mereka sering milik orang-orang selain para penulis dari pekerjaan, seperti perfomers, produsen phonograms, dll
''Related rights'' concern not the mere copying and modification of the work, but its use in a derived manner: for example, performing the work, displaying it in public or private, broadcasting, webcasting, etc. Related rights exist for various areas of creation (songs, theater...); they often belong to people other than the authors of the work, such as perfomers, producers of phonograms, etc.


Beberapa lisensi isi bebas berhati-hati untuk juga memberikan hak-hak yang terkait kepada penerima pekerjaan. Ada bahkan mungkin sebuah [[# Copyleft | copyleft]] ketentuan yang menyatakan bahwa karya terkait (interpretasi, pertunjukan, rekaman) harus dirilis dibawah lisensi yang sama sebagai karya.
Some free content licenses take care to also grant related rights to the recipient of the work. There may even be a [[#Copyleft|copyleft]] provision which states that related works (interpretations, performances, recordings) must be released under the same license as the work.


Kontrol akses === === larangan
=== Access control prohibition ===


[[Image: Fd_sq_icon_drm.svg | 48px]]
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_drm.svg|48px]]


Beberapa lisensi mengandung sebuah klausa, yang melarang untuk mengontrol akses ke konten berlisensi.
Some licenses contain a clause, which forbids to control access to the licensed content.
Dalam beberapa lisensi klausul ini hanya menyangkut lisensi (licensor dapat menggunakan sistem kontrol akses untuk melarang hak tidak diberikan).
In some licenses this clause concerns only the licensee (licensor can use access control systems to forbid not granted rights).


→ [[w: Manajemen hak digital | DRM]]
→ [[w:Digital rights management|DRM]]
<! - Silakan memilih Disambiguasi dari: [[w: TPM]] ->
<!-- please choose the Disambiguation of: [[w:TPM]] -->


Worldwide === === penerapan
=== Worldwide applicability ===


Ketika mendistribusikan pekerjaan bebas di seluruh dunia, adalah penting untuk memahami bagaimana orang-orang dari negara lain akan dapat menggunakan kembali pekerjaan ini.
When distributing a free work over the world, it is important to understand how people from other countries will be able to reuse this work.


Lisensi penulis telah mengadopsi tiga strategi yang berbeda mengenai internasionalisasi lisensi mereka:
License writers have adopted three different strategies regarding the internationalization of their licenses:
*''Lisensi yang sama bagi semua orang'': hanya teks lisensi asli (seringkali dalam bahasa Inggris) diberikan nilai hukum, dan terjemahan dapat diberikan semata-mata untuk tujuan informasi;
* ''same license for everyone'': only the original license text (often in English) is given legal value, and translations may be provided purely for information purposes;
*''Tepat''Terjemahan: terjemahan dari teks lisensi asli disediakan, yang semua memiliki nilai hukum; orang terjemahan klausa yang persis sama dan kata-kata sebagai teks asli;
* ''exact translations'': translations of the original license text are provided, which all have legal value; those translations have exactly the same clauses and wording as the original text;
*''''Adaptasi lokal: lisensi ditulis ulang sesuai dengan sistem hukum nasional masing-masing.
* ''local adaptations'': the license is rewritten according to each national legal system.


'' 'Perhatian: beberapa lisensi penggunaan hukum nasional tertentu, maka Anda tidak bisa menafsirkan lisensi melalui hukum nasional, tapi melalui hukum yang ditetapkan dalam lisensi.'''
'''Attention: some licenses use a specific national law: so you cannot interpret the license through your national law, but through the law specified in the license.'''
Sebagai contoh, Free Seni Lisensi menggunakan hukum Perancis (Anda harus memperhatikan hukum Perancis juga jika lisensi yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris, Jerman atau bahasa lainnya).
For example, Free Art License uses French law (you must pay attention to French law also if the license is written in English, German or other languages).


Dua skema pertama memastikan bahwa setiap orang diberi hak yang sama. Dalam skema ketiga (adaptasi lokal), kesamaan dan kesetaraan versi yang berbeda harus hati-hati diperiksa.
The two first schemes ensure that everyone is given the same rights. In the third scheme (local adaptations), similarity and equivalence of the different versions should be carefully examined.


Menurut pendukung skema adaptasi, izin harus ditulis ulang agar dapat mengatasi keanehan dari berbagai sistem hukum. Posisi ini dipegang oleh organisasi Creative Commons.
According to advocates of the adaptation scheme, licenses must be rewritten in order to cope with the peculiarities of the various legal systems. This position is held by the Creative Commons organization.


Menurut penentang skema adaptasi, setelah versi nasional yang berbeda dari lisensi menyajikan risiko untuk mematahkan kepercayaan dan interoperabilitas. Selain itu, mereka menekankan bahwa [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html Konvensi Bern tentang Perlindungan Karya Seni dan Sastra] menyediakan kerangka kerja yang, dengan hati-hati penyusunan, memungkinkan untuk menulis teks lisensi yang berlaku internasional. Posisi ini dipegang oleh Free Software Foundation dan oleh Free Seni Lisensi penulis.
According to opponents of the adaptation scheme, having different national versions of a license presents the risk to break trust and interoperability. Also, they stress that the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works] provides a framework which, with careful drafting, allows to write internationally applicable license texts. This position is held by the Free Software Foundation and by the Free Art License authors.


== List of licenses ==
== List of licenses ==

Revision as of 03:35, 9 March 2010

Comparison of Licenses

License Intended scope Copyleft Practical modifiability Attribution Related rights Access control prohibition Worldwide applicability
Against DRM Works of art Normal No Copyright notice Granted Licensor & Licensee Exact translations
Creative Commons Attribution Generic No No Copyright notice No Yes National adaptations
Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike Generic Normal No Copyright notice No Yes National adaptations
Design Science License Generic, optimally science data Normal Yes Copyright notice No No Same license (English version)
Free Art License Works of art Normal Yes Yes Yes Yes Exact translations (French law)
FreeBSD Documentation License Documentation Yes Yes Copyright notice Yes Yes Same license (English version)
GNU Free Documentation License Documentation Normal Yes Yes Yes Yes Same license (English version)
GNU Lesser General Public License Generic, optimally Software Weak Yes Copyright notice Yes Yes Same license (English version)
GNU General Public License Generic, optimally Software Strong Yes Copyright notice Yes Version 3 prohibits "Tivoisation" in certain cases Same license (English version)
Lizenz für Freie Inhalte Generic Normal Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown (license text is German)
MirOS Licence Generic (software, content, …) Copycenter Yes Copyright notice Yes Not desired, as that would be an additional restriction Same licence (English version)
MIT License Software No Yes Copyright notice Yes Yes Same license (English version)

Criteria for choosing a license

We explain hereafter some of the criteria which may influence your choice of a free content license. Those criteria are not inherently good or bad. The importance of each criteria depends on the context (for example the kind of work, or the kind of collaborative process you want to encourage), and on personal preferences.

This list is not meant to be exhaustive. Other aspects may be important, like the clarity of the wording of a license, or the philosophy which is defended by its authors, or whether the license is surrounded by an active community of authors.

Endly, we want to stress that, before choosing a license, you must read the license text carefully. No summary, no matter how attractive or reassuring, can replace detailed understanding of the license itself.

Intended scope

Some licenses strive to be as generic as is humanly (or rather, legally) possible. Others deliberately focus on a specific domain of creation, like software, or documentation. When a license has such a focus, it doesn't mean that it cannot be used for other kinds of works, but that its main area of use (and thus its social recognition as a trustable license) is clearly bounded.

For example, the GNU GPL can be used for many kinds of works, but its main area of recognition is software.

Copyleft

When a work is "copylefted", it means all derived works (even if they mix in other works as well) must be distributed under the same terms (usually the same exact license) as the original work. Conversely, a non-copylefted work can be distributed under different terms, and even be rendered non-free.

Therefore, using a copyleft license pretty much guarantees that users of subsequent works (for example modified copies) will be granted the same essential freedoms. On the other hand, a copyleft license can also limit opportunities for re-use, because most copyleft licenses are not compatible between each other. This is why people sometimes prefer non-copyleft license, depending on the work and the kind of practices they want to encourage.

ShareAlike is a synonym of copyleft in the Creative Commons vocabulary.

Strong copyleft also forbids linking or integration the subject work into larger works/projects that are not also licensed with a license with compatible copyleft terms. Weak copyleft lacks such a 'viral copyleft' requirement.

Practical modifiability

Although all free licenses give you the legal right to modify, not all of them try to specify how modifiability of the work is practically enforced. Requiring modifiability is important, especially for works which can be distributed under a completely opaque format such as software binary code ("object code").

The licenses which require practical modifiability usually define a notion of source code, source data or similar. The GNU FDL defines transparent copies and disallows use of technological protection measures (TPM). The Creative Commons licenses disallow use of TPMs.

Attribution

Requiring attribution means that authorship for the work must be recognized in any circumstances. In the context of derived works (modified copies), this includes the initial as well as subsequent authors and contributors.

It is often stated that all licenses can implicitly require attribution, as they mandate that the copyright notice must be kept intact when distributing copies. By including up-to-date authorship information in the copyright notice, one can indeed forbid subsequent works to erase that information. However, future contributions to the work are not guaranteed to be also credited using such a mechanism; indeed, it is based on the good will of authors (or maintainers) of subsequent works. Having an Attribution requirement prevents this from happening and mandates that all subsequent works have the same policy in mentioning authorship.

Attribution is a double-edged sword, as it may become a heavy burden to list all contributors for projects which imply seamless and massive collaboration (like Wikipedia). For many works it is, however, a reasonable requirement.

Related rights

Related rights concern not the mere copying and modification of the work, but its use in a derived manner: for example, performing the work, displaying it in public or private, broadcasting, webcasting, etc. Related rights exist for various areas of creation (songs, theater...); they often belong to people other than the authors of the work, such as perfomers, producers of phonograms, etc.

Some free content licenses take care to also grant related rights to the recipient of the work. There may even be a copyleft provision which states that related works (interpretations, performances, recordings) must be released under the same license as the work.

Access control prohibition

Some licenses contain a clause, which forbids to control access to the licensed content. In some licenses this clause concerns only the licensee (licensor can use access control systems to forbid not granted rights).

→ DRM

Worldwide applicability

When distributing a free work over the world, it is important to understand how people from other countries will be able to reuse this work.

License writers have adopted three different strategies regarding the internationalization of their licenses:

  • same license for everyone: only the original license text (often in English) is given legal value, and translations may be provided purely for information purposes;
  • exact translations: translations of the original license text are provided, which all have legal value; those translations have exactly the same clauses and wording as the original text;
  • local adaptations: the license is rewritten according to each national legal system.

Attention: some licenses use a specific national law: so you cannot interpret the license through your national law, but through the law specified in the license. For example, Free Art License uses French law (you must pay attention to French law also if the license is written in English, German or other languages).

The two first schemes ensure that everyone is given the same rights. In the third scheme (local adaptations), similarity and equivalence of the different versions should be carefully examined.

According to advocates of the adaptation scheme, licenses must be rewritten in order to cope with the peculiarities of the various legal systems. This position is held by the Creative Commons organization.

According to opponents of the adaptation scheme, having different national versions of a license presents the risk to break trust and interoperability. Also, they stress that the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works provides a framework which, with careful drafting, allows to write internationally applicable license texts. This position is held by the Free Software Foundation and by the Free Art License authors.

List of licenses

Against DRM

BSD-like non-copyleft licenses

In parallel with the set of GNU licenses (including the GNU GPL), the free software world evolved a number of very simple non-copyleft licenses. These licenses are so simple that no dedicated text is needed to expose the terms of the license. To reuse such a license, you must take its text and replace the copyright notice with your own. Since these licenses are non-copyleft, changing the license text in such a way does not prevent reuse between works from happening.

Regardless of their wording, these licenses always grant the user very broad rights, including the right to modify and distribute without supplying any source code. Also, their concise wording makes them simple to understand and unambiguous as to their effects.

These licenses are often called "BSD-like" because the first occurence of such a license has been the license under which the Berkeley Software Distribution (one of the first free versions of Unix) was shipped to users.

One should distinguish the original BSD license with its controversial advertising clause from the revised BSD license that does not have the advertising clause.

Creative Commons Attribution

  • Aliases: CC-BY
  • Current version: 3.0

Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike

  • Aliases: CC-BY-SA
  • Current version: 3.0

Design Science License

FreeBSD Documentation License

Although especially written for the FreeBSD project, this license shows you how to draft a very simple non-copyleft license for documentation works.

Free Art License

GNU Free Documentation License

Invariant sections

Invariant sections are a special provision of the GFDL which, if used, prevent anyone from modifying the parts of the work which are defined as "invariant". The Free Software Foundation finds it useful to protect some special "non-functional" parts of the work, like a statement of intent (the motivation for invariant sections was, allegedly, to prevent the GNU Manifesto to be removed or modified in GNU documentations).

We believe, however, that freedom should apply to all kind of works, and that what is "functional" in one situation can be "artistic" in another - and vice-versa. Consequently, a work using invariant sections to forbid some kinds of modifications to the work cannot be considered completely free.

Unless additional permissions are granted, all FDL works contain unmodifiable sections which aren't called Invariant Sections, such as a copy of the license embedded in the document itself.

GNU General Public License

The GNU GPL is, according to various statistics, probably the most used free software license. It was also the first license to implement the concept of copyleft, guaranteeing that "GPL'ed" free software cannot become, or take part in, non-free software.

Although the GPL is primarily intended for software programs, it is worded so as to apply to many different kinds of works. The main condition for the GPL to be applicable to a type of work is that it admits the notion of a preferred form of a work for making modifications to it (be it source code in a computer language, music score notation, digital graphics under a format retaining structure, etc.). For example, there are many occurences of text or graphics released under the GPL.

Lizenz für Freie Inhalte

AFAIK only used by the german portal neppstar for free music and video. Anyway, it seems to be a valid free license.

MirOS Licence

This licence is intended as the European variant of the BSD/MIT licences, but applicable as widely as possible. It shifts focus away from code/software by using the generic term “work” (of authorship), and as such can be used for mostly everything (code, documentation, audiovisual content, possibly others; for example fonts in jurisdictions where they are protected by copyright law). It’s intended as a “Copycenter” licence (so no copyleft, as that would be a restriction; basically “do what you want, leave me alone, but give due credits”) with as few strings as possible attached (so no “forced freedom” anti-DRM clauses, etc.) and weighs in less than one Kibibyte. Most permissions are enumerated, but the grant is not limited to them. Attribution is required by retaining the copyright notices, licence and disclaimer (this is not a copyleft though) or reproducing it in the accompanying documents (the BSD world is all about credits being given but freedom being unrestricted and not enforced). The disclaimer’s wording has been modified to meet certain European law requirements.

MIT License

This license is arguably the simplest form of the BSD-like licenses for software. All the license, except for the no-warranty statement, is condensed in two short paragraphs.

There are variants, like the current BSD license which has an additional provision forbidding endorsement of derived works using the name of the original authors.

Commentary on non-free licenses

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