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{{divbox| | {{divbox|gray|Stable version| '''1.0''' of the definition. The version number will be updated as the definition develops. The editable version of the definition can be found at [[Definition/Unstable]]. See [[authoring process]] for more information, and see [[translations]] if you want to contribute a version in another language.}} | ||
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{{divbox|gray|安定版|これは定義の'''1.0'''安定版です。このバージョン番号は定義が発展するにつれ更新されます。編集可能なバージョンは[[Definition/Unstable]]にあります。さらに詳しい情報は[[authoring process|作成過程]]を、他言語への翻訳に貢献されたい場合は[[translations|翻訳]]をごらんください。 | |||
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== 要約 == | == 要約 == | ||
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この文書は「自由文化作品」を定義したものです。自由文化作品とは、誰もが、どのような目的にでも | この文書は「自由文化作品」を定義したものです。自由文化作品とは、誰もが、どのような目的にでも | ||
自由に習作、活用、複製、または編集することのできる、作品や表現をさします。 | 自由に習作、活用、複製、または編集することのできる、作品や表現をさします。 | ||
またこれらの基本的自由を尊重したり守るための、特定の許可可能な制限をも表します。 | |||
この定義では「'' | この定義では「''フリー作品''」と、フリー作品のステータスを法的に保護することに用いることのできる | ||
''[[licenses|自由ライセンス]]'' | ''[[licenses|自由ライセンス]]''とを区別します。定義じたいはライセンスでは''ありません''。 | ||
作品とライセンスのどちらが「自由」なのかを判別するための道具です。 | |||
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== Summary == | == Summary == | ||
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== 前文 == | == 前文 == | ||
社会と技術の発展により、さまざまな作品を「アクセス、創作、修正、出版、頒布」できる | |||
人たちが増加してきました。 | |||
こういった作品は美術作品であったり、科学的、教育的素材であったり、ソフトウェアだったり | |||
記事だったりします。端的に言えば「''デジタル形式で表されうる何か''」です。 | |||
これらの新しい可能性を多くのコミュニティが実践し、再利用可能な作品という財を | |||
形成してきました。 | |||
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Social and technological advances make it possible for a growing part of humanity to ''access, create, modify, publish and distribute'' various kinds of works - artworks, scientific and educational materials, software, articles - in short: ''anything that can be represented in digital form''. Many communities have formed to exercise those new possibilities and create a wealth of collectively re-usable works. | Social and technological advances make it possible for a growing part of humanity to ''access, create, modify, publish and distribute'' various kinds of works - artworks, scientific and educational materials, software, articles - in short: ''anything that can be represented in digital form''. Many communities have formed to exercise those new possibilities and create a wealth of collectively re-usable works. | ||
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ほとんどの作者は、活動分野の違いこそあれ、またアマチュアであれプロフェッショナルであれ、 | ほとんどの作者は、活動分野の違いこそあれ、またアマチュアであれプロフェッショナルであれ、 | ||
作品が広まり、再利用され、創発的な手法で派生してゆく生態系にたいして、純粋な興味を持っています。 | |||
作品の再利用と派生が容易になればそれだけ、私たちの文化がより豊かになります。 | 作品の再利用と派生が容易になればそれだけ、私たちの文化がより豊かになります。 | ||
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Most authors, whatever their field of activity, whatever their amateur or professional status, have a genuine interest in favoring an ecosystem where works can be spread, re-used and derived in creative ways. The easier it is to re-use and derive works, the richer our cultures become. | Most authors, whatever their field of activity, whatever their amateur or professional status, have a genuine interest in favoring an ecosystem where works can be spread, re-used and derived in creative ways. The easier it is to re-use and derive works, the richer our cultures become. | ||
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この生態系のすばらしい機能を確かなものとするため、著作者の作品は'''自由''' | この生態系のすばらしい機能を確かなものとするため、著作者の作品は'''自由'''であるべきです。 | ||
この「自由」を私たちは | |||
* 作品を'''利用する自由'''、そしてその作品を使うという便益を楽しむ自由 | * 作品を'''利用する自由'''、そしてその作品を使うという便益を楽しむ自由 | ||
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* 作品に'''手を加え、改善する自由'''、そして派生作品を配布する自由 | * 作品に'''手を加え、改善する自由'''、そして派生作品を配布する自由 | ||
の意味で用います。これらの自由は誰でも、どこでも、いつでも利用可能であるべきです。 | |||
作品が用いられる文脈において制限されるべきではありません。 | |||
創作性とは、既存の資源を、それまでには思いもよらなかったやりかたで用いる作業です。 | |||
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To ensure the graceful functioning of this ecosystem, works of authorship should be '''free''', and by ''freedom'' we mean: | To ensure the graceful functioning of this ecosystem, works of authorship should be '''free''', and by ''freedom'' we mean: | ||
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* the '''freedom to make changes and improvements''', and to distribute derivative works | * the '''freedom to make changes and improvements''', and to distribute derivative works | ||
These freedoms should be available to anyone, anywhere, anytime. They should not be restricted by the context in which the work is used. Creativity is the act of using an existing resource in a way that had not been envisioned before. | |||
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しかしながらほとんどの国ではこの自由は強制されていないばかりか、一般に「著作権法」という名の | |||
法律によって抑圧されています。作者を神のごとき創造者とみなし、「かれらのコンテンツ」の | |||
再利用可能性については排他的独占権を与えます。 | |||
この独占は文化の繁栄を妨げるばかりでなく、作者の経済状況の助けにはあまりなりません。 | |||
それどころか最も権力のある出版社のビジネスモデルを守ります。 | |||
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In most countries however, these freedoms are not enforced but suppressed by the laws commonly named ''copyright laws''. They consider authors as god-like creators and give them an exclusive monopoly as to how "their content" can be re-used. This monopoly impedes the flourishing of culture, and it does not even help the economic situation of authors so much as it protects the business model of the most powerful publishing companies. | |||
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これらの法にもかかわらず、作者は数多の法的文書の中から[[w:license|自由ライセンス]]を | |||
選ぶことで作品を自由にできます。作品を''自由ライセンス''の下に置くことは、 | |||
作者にとってすべての権利を失うことを意味しません。それどころか誰にでも上に挙げた | |||
自由を与えるものです。 | |||
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In spite of those laws, authors can make their works free by choosing among a vast array of legal documents known as [[w:license|free licenses]]. For an author, choosing to put his work under a ''free license'' does not mean that he loses all his rights, but it gives to anyone the freedoms listed above. | |||
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自由であることを宣言したどのような作品も、本質的に、かつリスクなしで,上記の自由を | |||
提供します。私たちがライセンスおよび作品の原作者について「自由の定義」をここに | |||
定めるのはそのためです。 | |||
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It is important that any work that claims to be free provides, practically and without any risk, the aforementioned freedoms. This is why we hereafter give a precise '''definition of freedom''' for licenses and for works of authorship. | It is important that any work that claims to be free provides, practically and without any risk, the aforementioned freedoms. This is why we hereafter give a precise '''definition of freedom''' for licenses and for works of authorship. | ||
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こういった語は、既存の著作権法よりは「少し制限が緩い」条件で利用できることを表しているか、 | こういった語は、既存の著作権法よりは「少し制限が緩い」条件で利用できることを表しているか、 | ||
ただ単に「ウェブ上で利用可能」な作品を示すかに使われるのがほとんどです。 | ただ単に「ウェブ上で利用可能」な作品を示すかに使われるのがほとんどです。 | ||
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== Identifying Free Cultural Works == | == Identifying Free Cultural Works == | ||
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== Defining Free Culture Licenses == | == Defining Free Culture Licenses == | ||
Licenses are legal instruments through which the owner of certain legal rights may transfer these rights to third parties. Free Culture Licenses do not take any rights away -- they are always optional to accept, and if accepted, they grant freedoms which copyright law alone does not provide. When accepted, they never limit or reduce existing exemptions in copyright laws. | Licenses are legal instruments through which the owner of certain legal rights may transfer these rights to third parties. Free Culture Licenses do not take any rights away -- they are always optional to accept, and if accepted, they grant freedoms which copyright law alone does not provide. When accepted, they never limit or reduce existing exemptions in copyright laws. | ||
=== Essential freedoms === | === Essential freedoms === | ||
In order to be recognized as "free" under this definition, a license must grant the following freedoms without limitation: | In order to be recognized as "free" under this definition, a license must grant the following freedoms without limitation: | ||
* '''The freedom to use and perform the work:''' The licensee must be allowed to make any use, private or public, of the work. For kinds of works where it is relevant, this freedom should include all derived uses ("related rights") such as performing or interpreting the work. There must be no exception regarding, for example, political or religious considerations. | * '''The freedom to use and perform the work:''' The licensee must be allowed to make any use, private or public, of the work. For kinds of works where it is relevant, this freedom should include all derived uses ("related rights") such as performing or interpreting the work. There must be no exception regarding, for example, political or religious considerations. | ||
* '''The freedom to study the work and apply the information:''' The licensee must be allowed to examine the work and to use the knowledge gained from the work in any way. The license may not, for example, restrict "reverse engineering". | * '''The freedom to study the work and apply the information:''' The licensee must be allowed to examine the work and to use the knowledge gained from the work in any way. The license may not, for example, restrict "reverse engineering". | ||
* '''The freedom to redistribute copies:''' Copies may be sold, swapped or given away for free, as part of a larger work, a collection, or independently. There must be no limit on the amount of information that can be copied. There must also not be any limit on who can copy the information or on where the information can be copied. | * '''The freedom to redistribute copies:''' Copies may be sold, swapped or given away for free, as part of a larger work, a collection, or independently. There must be no limit on the amount of information that can be copied. There must also not be any limit on who can copy the information or on where the information can be copied. | ||
* '''The freedom to distribute derivative works:''' In order to give everyone the ability to improve upon a work, the license must not limit the freedom to distribute a modified version (or, for physical works, a work somehow derived from the original), regardless of the intent and purpose of such modifications. However, some restrictions may be applied to protect these essential freedoms or the attribution of authors (see below). | * '''The freedom to distribute derivative works:''' In order to give everyone the ability to improve upon a work, the license must not limit the freedom to distribute a modified version (or, for physical works, a work somehow derived from the original), regardless of the intent and purpose of such modifications. However, some restrictions may be applied to protect these essential freedoms or the attribution of authors (see below). | ||
=== Permissible restrictions === | === Permissible restrictions === | ||
Not all restrictions on the use or distribution of works impede essential freedoms. In particular, requirements for attribution, for symmetric collaboration (i.e., "copyleft"), and for the protection of essential freedom are considered [[permissible restrictions]]. | Not all restrictions on the use or distribution of works impede essential freedoms. In particular, requirements for attribution, for symmetric collaboration (i.e., "copyleft"), and for the protection of essential freedom are considered [[permissible restrictions]]. | ||
== Defining Free Cultural Works == | == Defining Free Cultural Works == | ||
In order to be considered free, a work ''must'' be covered by a Free Culture License, or its legal status ''must'' provide the same ''essential freedoms'' enumerated above. It is not, however, a sufficient condition. Indeed, a specific work may be non-free in other ways that restrict the essential freedoms. These are the additional conditions in order for a work to be considered free: | In order to be considered free, a work ''must'' be covered by a Free Culture License, or its legal status ''must'' provide the same ''essential freedoms'' enumerated above. It is not, however, a sufficient condition. Indeed, a specific work may be non-free in other ways that restrict the essential freedoms. These are the additional conditions in order for a work to be considered free: | ||
* '''Availability of source data:''' Where a final work has been obtained through the compilation or processing of a source file or multiple source files, all underlying source data should be available alongside the work itself under the same conditions. This can be the score of a musical composition, the models used in a 3D scene, the data of a scientific publication, the source code of a computer application, or any other such information. | * '''Availability of source data:''' Where a final work has been obtained through the compilation or processing of a source file or multiple source files, all underlying source data should be available alongside the work itself under the same conditions. This can be the score of a musical composition, the models used in a 3D scene, the data of a scientific publication, the source code of a computer application, or any other such information. | ||
* '''Use of a free format:''' For digital files, the format in which the work is made available should not be protected by patents, unless a world-wide, unlimited and irrevocable royalty-free grant is given to make use of the patented technology. While non-free formats may sometimes be used for practical reasons, a free format copy ''must'' be available for the work to be considered free. | * '''Use of a free format:''' For digital files, the format in which the work is made available should not be protected by patents, unless a world-wide, unlimited and irrevocable royalty-free grant is given to make use of the patented technology. While non-free formats may sometimes be used for practical reasons, a free format copy ''must'' be available for the work to be considered free. | ||
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In other words, whenever the user of a work cannot legally or practically exercise his or her basic freedoms, the work cannot be considered and should not be called "free." | In other words, whenever the user of a work cannot legally or practically exercise his or her basic freedoms, the work cannot be considered and should not be called "free." | ||
== Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
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* See the [[FAQ]] for some questions and answers. | * See the [[FAQ]] for some questions and answers. | ||
* See [[Portal:Index]] for topic-specific pages about free cultural works. | * See [[Portal:Index]] for topic-specific pages about free cultural works. | ||
== Versioning == | == Versioning == | ||
New versions of this definition shall be released as soon as a consensus (achieved directly or through a vote, as per the [[authoring process]]) has developed around suggested changes. Numbering shall be 0.x for initial draft releases, 1.x, 2.x .. for major releases, x.1, x.2 .. for minor releases. A minor release is made when the text is modified in ways which do not have an impact on the scope of existing or hypothetical licenses covered by this definition. | New versions of this definition shall be released as soon as a consensus (achieved directly or through a vote, as per the [[authoring process]]) has developed around suggested changes. Numbering shall be 0.x for initial draft releases, 1.x, 2.x .. for major releases, x.1, x.2 .. for minor releases. A minor release is made when the text is modified in ways which do not have an impact on the scope of existing or hypothetical licenses covered by this definition. | ||
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