New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'A boiler is a closed vessel where drinking water or other fluid is heated. The liquid will not necessarily boil. (In North America, the word "furnace" is normally used if the purpose is not to boil the fluid.) The heated or vaporized liquid exits the boiler for use in a variety of procedures or heating applications,[1 - [2 - including water heating, central heating system, boiler-based power era, cooking food, and sanitation.
Materials
The pressure vessel of the boiler is usually manufactured from steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel, of the austenitic types especially, is not used in wetted elements of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.[3 - However, ferritic stainless steel is often used in superheater sections that won't be exposed to boiling drinking water, and electrically heated stainless shell boilers are allowed under the Western "Pressure Equipment Directive" for creation of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4 -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler
In live steam models, copper or brass is often used since it is more fabricated in smaller size boilers easily. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (especially for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead.
For much of the Victorian "age of vapor", the only material used for boilermaking was the best quality of wrought iron, with assembly by rivetting. This iron was extracted from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), mentioned for the high quality of their rolled plate and its own suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice instead transferred towards the use of steel, which is more powerful and cheaper, with welded structure, which is quicker and requires less labour. It ought to be mentioned, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode much slower than their modern-day steel counterparts, and are less vunerable to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. This makes the longevity of older wrought-iron boilers considerably more advanced than those of welded steel boilers.
Cast iron may be used for the heating system vessel of domestic drinking water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is to produce hot water usually, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and stay away from boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure steam boilers.
Boiler Repairs Balham, SW12, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-balham.co.uk - Boiler Repairs Balham, SW12, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service!
Energy
The foundation of heat for a boiler is combustion of some of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or gas. Electric steam boilers use level of resistance- or immersion-type heating elements. Nuclear fission is used as a heat source for producing steam also, either directly (BWR) or, generally, in specialised heat exchangers called "vapor generators" (PWR). Warmth recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use heat rejected from other procedures such as gas turbine.
Boiler efficiency
there are two solutions to measure the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method
Direct method -immediate approach to boiler efficiency test is more usable or even more common
boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total steam circulation Hg= Enthalpy of saturated vapor in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg q= quantity of fuel use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like pet coke (8200 kcal/KG)
indirect method -to measure the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we need a subsequent parameter like
Ultimate analysis of fuel (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint)
percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas
flue gas temperature at outlet
ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg
GCV of fuel in kcal/kg
ash percentage in combustible fuel
GCV of ash in kcal/kg
Configurations
Boilers can be classified in to the following configurations:
Container boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" in which a fireplace heats a partially filled drinking water container from below. 18th century Haycock boilers produced and stored large amounts of very low-pressure steam generally, often hardly above that of the atmosphere. These could burn wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was very low.
Flued boiler with a couple of large flues-an early forerunner or type of fire-tube boiler.
Diagram of the fire-tube boiler
Fire-tube boiler: Here, drinking water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume still left above to support the steam (steam space). This is the type of boiler used in all steam locomotives nearly. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that needs to be held completely surrounded by water in order to maintain the temp of the heating system surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating system surface which may be further increased by causing the gases reverse direction through a second parallel pipe or a bundle of multiple tubes (two-pass or come back flue boiler); additionally the gases may be studied along the edges and then under the boiler through flues (3-move boiler). In case there is a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel expands from the firebox and the hot gases go through a bundle of fire tubes inside the barrel which greatly escalates the heating surface compared to a single tube and further improves heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers have a comparatively low rate of steam creation usually, but high steam storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers burn off solid fuels mostly, but are readily adjustable to people of the liquid or gas variety.
Diagram of a water-tube boiler.
Water-tube boiler: In this type, pipes filled up with water are arranged inside a furnace in several possible configurations. Water pipes connect large drums Often, the low ones containing water and top of the ones water and steam; in other situations, such as a mono-tube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. This type provides high steam creation rates generally, but less storage capacity than the above. Water pipe boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications since the high-pressure water/vapor is contained within small size pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall structure.
Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized kind of water-tube boiler where tubes are close together and water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the type of mono-tube steam generator where the pipe is permanently filled up with water. Super fast boiler, the pipe is kept so hot that the water feed is quickly flashed into steam and superheated. Flash boilers got some use in cars in the 19th century and this use continued in to the early 20th century. .
1950s design vapor locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class
Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes both above types have been mixed in the next manner: the firebox includes an set up of water tubes, called thermic siphons. The gases then go through a typical firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed - but have fulfilled with little success in other countries.
Sectional boiler. Within a solid iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" the water is included inside ensemble iron areas.[citation needed - These areas are assembled on site to produce the finished boiler.
Safety
See also: Boiler explosion
To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations like the American Culture of Mechanical Designers (ASME) develop specifications and regulation codes. For instance, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a standard providing an array of guidelines and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with safety, design and security standards.[5 -
Historically, boilers were a source of many serious injuries and property destruction due to badly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle metal shells can rupture, while welded or riveted seams could open up badly, leading to a violent eruption of the pressurized vapor. When drinking water is converted to steam it expands to over 1,000 times its original travels and volume down steam pipes at over 100 kilometres per hour. Because of this, vapor is a superb way of moving energy and warmth around a site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but without the right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising flower are affected from level corrosion and formation. At best, this boosts energy costs and can result in poor quality vapor, reduced efficiency, shorter plant life and unreliable operation. At worst, it can result in catastrophic reduction and failing of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler pipes can also aerosol scalding-hot steam and smoke out of the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who insert the coal into the open fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing a huge selection of horsepower to use factories can potentially demolish entire buildings.[6 -
A boiler that has a loss of feed drinking water and it is permitted to boil dry can be extremely dangerous. If feed water is then sent in to the clear boiler, the tiny cascade of incoming drinking water instantly boils on connection with the superheated metal shell and leads to a violent explosion that can't be managed even by basic safety steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the steam source lines that is larger than the make-up water supply could replace. The Hartford Loop was invented in 1919 by the Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Company as a strategy to assist in preventing this condition from taking place, and thus reduce their insurance statements.[7 - [8 -
Superheated steam boiler
A superheated boiler on the steam locomotive.
Main article: Superheater
Most boilers produce vapor to be utilized at saturation heat; that is, saturated vapor. Superheated steam boilers vaporize the water and additional heating the steam in a superheater then. This provides vapor at much higher heat, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the vapor generating place because the bigger steam heat takes a higher flue gas exhaust temperatures.[citation needed - There are many ways to circumvent this issue, by providing an economizer that heats the give food to water typically, a combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust route, or both. There are benefits to superheated steam that may, and often will, increase overall efficiency of both steam generation and its utilization: benefits in input temperatures to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler complication and expense. There can also be practical limitations in using moist vapor, as entrained condensation droplets will harm turbine blades.
Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any operational system component fails and allows steam to flee, the temperature and pressure can cause serious, instantaneous harm to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound from such a leak indicates its presence clearly.
Superheater procedure is similar to that of the coils on an fresh air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The steam piping is directed through the flue gas route in the boiler furnace. The heat in this field is between 1 typically,300 and 1,600 °C (2,372 and 2,912 °F). Some superheaters are glowing type; that is, they absorb warmth by rays. Others are convection type, absorbing temperature from a liquid. Some are a combination of both types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will heat the superheater steam piping and the steam within also. While the temperature of the vapor in the superheater goes up, the pressure of the vapor does not and the pressure remains the same as that of the boiler.[9 - Almost all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to prevent damage to the turbine blading and associated piping.
Supercritical steam generator
Boiler for a charged power flower.
Main article: Supercritical steam generator
Supercritical steam generators are frequently used for the production of energy. They operate at supercritical pressure. As opposed to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a higher pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases that occurs; the liquid is neither liquid nor gas but a super-critical fluid. There is no era of steam bubbles within water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point at which steam bubbles can form. As the fluid expands through the turbine stages, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it does work turning the turbine which turns the electrical generator from which power is eventually extracted. The liquid at that point may be considered a mixture of steam and liquid droplets as it goes by in to the condenser. This leads to slightly less energy use and for that reason less greenhouse gas production. The word "boiler" shouldn't be used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this device.
Boiler Repairs Balham, SW12, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-balham.co.uk - More info>>>
Accessories
Boiler accessories and fittings
Pressuretrols to regulate the steam pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have 2 or 3 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a safety by setting top of the limit of vapor pressure, the working pressuretrol, which handles when the boiler fires to keep up pressure, as well as for boilers outfitted with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which controls the amount of fire.
Safety valve: It is utilized to relieve pressure and stop possible explosion of a boiler.
Water level indications: They show the operator the amount of fluid in the boiler, known as a sight glass also, water measure or drinking water column.
Bottom blowdown valves: They provide a way for removing solid particulates that condense and rest on underneath of the boiler. As the name implies, this valve is located directly on the bottom of the boiler usually, and is sometimes opened up to use the pressure in the boiler to force these particulates out.
Continuous blowdown valve: This allows a small level of water to flee continuously. Its purpose is to prevent water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would lead to foaming and cause water droplets to be carried over with the steam - an ailment known as priming. Blowdown is often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler drinking water also.
Trycock: a kind of valve that is often use to manually check a water level in a container. Most commonly found on a water boiler.
Flash container: High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where in fact the vapor can 'flash' safely and become used in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere as the ambient pressure blowdown flows to drain.
Automatic blowdown/continuous heat recovery system: This technique allows the boiler to blowdown only when make-up water is flowing to the boiler, thereby transferring the utmost amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the make-up water. No flash tank is generally needed as the blowdown discharged is close to the temp of the makeup water.
Hand holes: These are steel plates installed in openings in "header" to allow for inspections & installation of tubes and inspection of inner surfaces.
Vapor drum internals, a series of display screen, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators).
Low-water cutoff: It is a mechanical means (usually a float switch) that can be used to turn from the burner or shut down gas to the boiler to avoid it from running once the water runs below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burned without drinking water in it) it can cause rupture or catastrophic failing.
Surface blowdown range: It offers a way for removing foam or other lightweight non-condensible chemicals that have a tendency to float on top of water inside the boiler.
Circulating pump: It really is made to circulate water back to the boiler after they have expelled some of its heat.
Feedwater check valve or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the feedwater range. This can be installed to the medial side of the boiler, just below the water level, or to the very best of the boiler.[10 -
Top give food to: With this design for feedwater injection, water is fed to the very best of the boiler. This can reduce boiler exhaustion triggered by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over some trays water is quickly heated which can reduce limescale.
Desuperheater pipes or bundles: A series of tubes or bundles of pipes in the water drum or the vapor drum made to cool superheated steam, in order to supply auxiliary equipment that will not need, or may be damaged by, dry out steam.
Chemical substance injection line: A connection to add chemicals for controlling feedwater pH.
Steam accessories
Main vapor stop valve:
Steam traps:
Main vapor stop/check valve: It is used on multiple boiler installations.
Combustion accessories
Energy oil system:gas oil heaters
Gas system:
Coal system:
Soot blower
Other essential items
Pressure gauges:
Feed pumps:
Fusible plug:
Inspectors test pressure measure attachment:
Name plate:
Registration plate:' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,1 +1,105 @@
-
+A boiler is a closed vessel where drinking water or other fluid is heated. The liquid will not necessarily boil. (In North America, the word "furnace" is normally used if the purpose is not to boil the fluid.) The heated or vaporized liquid exits the boiler for use in a variety of procedures or heating applications,[1 - [2 - including water heating, central heating system, boiler-based power era, cooking food, and sanitation.
+
+Materials
+The pressure vessel of the boiler is usually manufactured from steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel, of the austenitic types especially, is not used in wetted elements of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.[3 - However, ferritic stainless steel is often used in superheater sections that won't be exposed to boiling drinking water, and electrically heated stainless shell boilers are allowed under the Western "Pressure Equipment Directive" for creation of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4 -
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler
+In live steam models, copper or brass is often used since it is more fabricated in smaller size boilers easily. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (especially for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead.
+
+For much of the Victorian "age of vapor", the only material used for boilermaking was the best quality of wrought iron, with assembly by rivetting. This iron was extracted from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), mentioned for the high quality of their rolled plate and its own suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice instead transferred towards the use of steel, which is more powerful and cheaper, with welded structure, which is quicker and requires less labour. It ought to be mentioned, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode much slower than their modern-day steel counterparts, and are less vunerable to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. This makes the longevity of older wrought-iron boilers considerably more advanced than those of welded steel boilers.
+
+Cast iron may be used for the heating system vessel of domestic drinking water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is to produce hot water usually, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and stay away from boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure steam boilers.
+Boiler Repairs Balham, SW12, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-balham.co.uk - Boiler Repairs Balham, SW12, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service!
+Energy
+The foundation of heat for a boiler is combustion of some of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or gas. Electric steam boilers use level of resistance- or immersion-type heating elements. Nuclear fission is used as a heat source for producing steam also, either directly (BWR) or, generally, in specialised heat exchangers called "vapor generators" (PWR). Warmth recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use heat rejected from other procedures such as gas turbine.
+
+Boiler efficiency
+there are two solutions to measure the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method
+
+Direct method -immediate approach to boiler efficiency test is more usable or even more common
+
+boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total steam circulation Hg= Enthalpy of saturated vapor in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg q= quantity of fuel use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like pet coke (8200 kcal/KG)
+
+indirect method -to measure the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we need a subsequent parameter like
+
+Ultimate analysis of fuel (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint)
+percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas
+flue gas temperature at outlet
+ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg
+GCV of fuel in kcal/kg
+ash percentage in combustible fuel
+GCV of ash in kcal/kg
+Configurations
+Boilers can be classified in to the following configurations:
+
+Container boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" in which a fireplace heats a partially filled drinking water container from below. 18th century Haycock boilers produced and stored large amounts of very low-pressure steam generally, often hardly above that of the atmosphere. These could burn wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was very low.
+Flued boiler with a couple of large flues-an early forerunner or type of fire-tube boiler.
+
+Diagram of the fire-tube boiler
+Fire-tube boiler: Here, drinking water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume still left above to support the steam (steam space). This is the type of boiler used in all steam locomotives nearly. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that needs to be held completely surrounded by water in order to maintain the temp of the heating system surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating system surface which may be further increased by causing the gases reverse direction through a second parallel pipe or a bundle of multiple tubes (two-pass or come back flue boiler); additionally the gases may be studied along the edges and then under the boiler through flues (3-move boiler). In case there is a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel expands from the firebox and the hot gases go through a bundle of fire tubes inside the barrel which greatly escalates the heating surface compared to a single tube and further improves heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers have a comparatively low rate of steam creation usually, but high steam storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers burn off solid fuels mostly, but are readily adjustable to people of the liquid or gas variety.
+
+Diagram of a water-tube boiler.
+Water-tube boiler: In this type, pipes filled up with water are arranged inside a furnace in several possible configurations. Water pipes connect large drums Often, the low ones containing water and top of the ones water and steam; in other situations, such as a mono-tube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. This type provides high steam creation rates generally, but less storage capacity than the above. Water pipe boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications since the high-pressure water/vapor is contained within small size pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall structure.
+Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized kind of water-tube boiler where tubes are close together and water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the type of mono-tube steam generator where the pipe is permanently filled up with water. Super fast boiler, the pipe is kept so hot that the water feed is quickly flashed into steam and superheated. Flash boilers got some use in cars in the 19th century and this use continued in to the early 20th century. .
+
+1950s design vapor locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class
+Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes both above types have been mixed in the next manner: the firebox includes an set up of water tubes, called thermic siphons. The gases then go through a typical firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed - but have fulfilled with little success in other countries.
+Sectional boiler. Within a solid iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" the water is included inside ensemble iron areas.[citation needed - These areas are assembled on site to produce the finished boiler.
+Safety
+See also: Boiler explosion
+To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations like the American Culture of Mechanical Designers (ASME) develop specifications and regulation codes. For instance, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a standard providing an array of guidelines and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with safety, design and security standards.[5 -
+
+Historically, boilers were a source of many serious injuries and property destruction due to badly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle metal shells can rupture, while welded or riveted seams could open up badly, leading to a violent eruption of the pressurized vapor. When drinking water is converted to steam it expands to over 1,000 times its original travels and volume down steam pipes at over 100 kilometres per hour. Because of this, vapor is a superb way of moving energy and warmth around a site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but without the right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising flower are affected from level corrosion and formation. At best, this boosts energy costs and can result in poor quality vapor, reduced efficiency, shorter plant life and unreliable operation. At worst, it can result in catastrophic reduction and failing of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler pipes can also aerosol scalding-hot steam and smoke out of the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who insert the coal into the open fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing a huge selection of horsepower to use factories can potentially demolish entire buildings.[6 -
+
+A boiler that has a loss of feed drinking water and it is permitted to boil dry can be extremely dangerous. If feed water is then sent in to the clear boiler, the tiny cascade of incoming drinking water instantly boils on connection with the superheated metal shell and leads to a violent explosion that can't be managed even by basic safety steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the steam source lines that is larger than the make-up water supply could replace. The Hartford Loop was invented in 1919 by the Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Company as a strategy to assist in preventing this condition from taking place, and thus reduce their insurance statements.[7 - [8 -
+
+Superheated steam boiler
+
+A superheated boiler on the steam locomotive.
+Main article: Superheater
+Most boilers produce vapor to be utilized at saturation heat; that is, saturated vapor. Superheated steam boilers vaporize the water and additional heating the steam in a superheater then. This provides vapor at much higher heat, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the vapor generating place because the bigger steam heat takes a higher flue gas exhaust temperatures.[citation needed - There are many ways to circumvent this issue, by providing an economizer that heats the give food to water typically, a combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust route, or both. There are benefits to superheated steam that may, and often will, increase overall efficiency of both steam generation and its utilization: benefits in input temperatures to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler complication and expense. There can also be practical limitations in using moist vapor, as entrained condensation droplets will harm turbine blades.
+
+Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any operational system component fails and allows steam to flee, the temperature and pressure can cause serious, instantaneous harm to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound from such a leak indicates its presence clearly.
+
+Superheater procedure is similar to that of the coils on an fresh air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The steam piping is directed through the flue gas route in the boiler furnace. The heat in this field is between 1 typically,300 and 1,600 °C (2,372 and 2,912 °F). Some superheaters are glowing type; that is, they absorb warmth by rays. Others are convection type, absorbing temperature from a liquid. Some are a combination of both types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will heat the superheater steam piping and the steam within also. While the temperature of the vapor in the superheater goes up, the pressure of the vapor does not and the pressure remains the same as that of the boiler.[9 - Almost all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to prevent damage to the turbine blading and associated piping.
+
+Supercritical steam generator
+
+Boiler for a charged power flower.
+Main article: Supercritical steam generator
+Supercritical steam generators are frequently used for the production of energy. They operate at supercritical pressure. As opposed to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a higher pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases that occurs; the liquid is neither liquid nor gas but a super-critical fluid. There is no era of steam bubbles within water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point at which steam bubbles can form. As the fluid expands through the turbine stages, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it does work turning the turbine which turns the electrical generator from which power is eventually extracted. The liquid at that point may be considered a mixture of steam and liquid droplets as it goes by in to the condenser. This leads to slightly less energy use and for that reason less greenhouse gas production. The word "boiler" shouldn't be used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this device.
+Boiler Repairs Balham, SW12, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-balham.co.uk - More info>>>
+Accessories
+Boiler accessories and fittings
+Pressuretrols to regulate the steam pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have 2 or 3 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a safety by setting top of the limit of vapor pressure, the working pressuretrol, which handles when the boiler fires to keep up pressure, as well as for boilers outfitted with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which controls the amount of fire.
+Safety valve: It is utilized to relieve pressure and stop possible explosion of a boiler.
+Water level indications: They show the operator the amount of fluid in the boiler, known as a sight glass also, water measure or drinking water column.
+Bottom blowdown valves: They provide a way for removing solid particulates that condense and rest on underneath of the boiler. As the name implies, this valve is located directly on the bottom of the boiler usually, and is sometimes opened up to use the pressure in the boiler to force these particulates out.
+Continuous blowdown valve: This allows a small level of water to flee continuously. Its purpose is to prevent water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would lead to foaming and cause water droplets to be carried over with the steam - an ailment known as priming. Blowdown is often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler drinking water also.
+Trycock: a kind of valve that is often use to manually check a water level in a container. Most commonly found on a water boiler.
+Flash container: High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where in fact the vapor can 'flash' safely and become used in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere as the ambient pressure blowdown flows to drain.
+Automatic blowdown/continuous heat recovery system: This technique allows the boiler to blowdown only when make-up water is flowing to the boiler, thereby transferring the utmost amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the make-up water. No flash tank is generally needed as the blowdown discharged is close to the temp of the makeup water.
+Hand holes: These are steel plates installed in openings in "header" to allow for inspections & installation of tubes and inspection of inner surfaces.
+Vapor drum internals, a series of display screen, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators).
+Low-water cutoff: It is a mechanical means (usually a float switch) that can be used to turn from the burner or shut down gas to the boiler to avoid it from running once the water runs below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burned without drinking water in it) it can cause rupture or catastrophic failing.
+Surface blowdown range: It offers a way for removing foam or other lightweight non-condensible chemicals that have a tendency to float on top of water inside the boiler.
+Circulating pump: It really is made to circulate water back to the boiler after they have expelled some of its heat.
+Feedwater check valve or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the feedwater range. This can be installed to the medial side of the boiler, just below the water level, or to the very best of the boiler.[10 -
+Top give food to: With this design for feedwater injection, water is fed to the very best of the boiler. This can reduce boiler exhaustion triggered by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over some trays water is quickly heated which can reduce limescale.
+Desuperheater pipes or bundles: A series of tubes or bundles of pipes in the water drum or the vapor drum made to cool superheated steam, in order to supply auxiliary equipment that will not need, or may be damaged by, dry out steam.
+Chemical substance injection line: A connection to add chemicals for controlling feedwater pH.
+Steam accessories
+Main vapor stop valve:
+Steam traps:
+Main vapor stop/check valve: It is used on multiple boiler installations.
+Combustion accessories
+Energy oil system:gas oil heaters
+Gas system:
+Coal system:
+Soot blower
+Other essential items
+Pressure gauges:
+Feed pumps:
+Fusible plug:
+Inspectors test pressure measure attachment:
+Name plate:
+Registration plate:
' |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => 'A boiler is a closed vessel where drinking water or other fluid is heated. The liquid will not necessarily boil. (In North America, the word "furnace" is normally used if the purpose is not to boil the fluid.) The heated or vaporized liquid exits the boiler for use in a variety of procedures or heating applications,[1 - [2 - including water heating, central heating system, boiler-based power era, cooking food, and sanitation. ',
1 => ' ',
2 => 'Materials ',
3 => 'The pressure vessel of the boiler is usually manufactured from steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel, of the austenitic types especially, is not used in wetted elements of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.[3 - However, ferritic stainless steel is often used in superheater sections that won't be exposed to boiling drinking water, and electrically heated stainless shell boilers are allowed under the Western "Pressure Equipment Directive" for creation of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4 - ',
4 => 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler ',
5 => 'In live steam models, copper or brass is often used since it is more fabricated in smaller size boilers easily. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (especially for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead. ',
6 => ' ',
7 => 'For much of the Victorian "age of vapor", the only material used for boilermaking was the best quality of wrought iron, with assembly by rivetting. This iron was extracted from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), mentioned for the high quality of their rolled plate and its own suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice instead transferred towards the use of steel, which is more powerful and cheaper, with welded structure, which is quicker and requires less labour. It ought to be mentioned, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode much slower than their modern-day steel counterparts, and are less vunerable to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. This makes the longevity of older wrought-iron boilers considerably more advanced than those of welded steel boilers. ',
8 => ' ',
9 => 'Cast iron may be used for the heating system vessel of domestic drinking water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is to produce hot water usually, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and stay away from boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure steam boilers. ',
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11 => 'Energy ',
12 => 'The foundation of heat for a boiler is combustion of some of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or gas. Electric steam boilers use level of resistance- or immersion-type heating elements. Nuclear fission is used as a heat source for producing steam also, either directly (BWR) or, generally, in specialised heat exchangers called "vapor generators" (PWR). Warmth recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use heat rejected from other procedures such as gas turbine. ',
13 => ' ',
14 => 'Boiler efficiency ',
15 => 'there are two solutions to measure the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method ',
16 => ' ',
17 => 'Direct method -immediate approach to boiler efficiency test is more usable or even more common ',
18 => ' ',
19 => 'boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total steam circulation Hg= Enthalpy of saturated vapor in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg q= quantity of fuel use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like pet coke (8200 kcal/KG) ',
20 => ' ',
21 => 'indirect method -to measure the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we need a subsequent parameter like ',
22 => ' ',
23 => 'Ultimate analysis of fuel (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint) ',
24 => 'percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas ',
25 => 'flue gas temperature at outlet ',
26 => 'ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg ',
27 => 'GCV of fuel in kcal/kg ',
28 => 'ash percentage in combustible fuel ',
29 => 'GCV of ash in kcal/kg ',
30 => 'Configurations ',
31 => 'Boilers can be classified in to the following configurations: ',
32 => ' ',
33 => 'Container boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" in which a fireplace heats a partially filled drinking water container from below. 18th century Haycock boilers produced and stored large amounts of very low-pressure steam generally, often hardly above that of the atmosphere. These could burn wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was very low. ',
34 => 'Flued boiler with a couple of large flues-an early forerunner or type of fire-tube boiler. ',
35 => ' ',
36 => 'Diagram of the fire-tube boiler ',
37 => 'Fire-tube boiler: Here, drinking water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume still left above to support the steam (steam space). This is the type of boiler used in all steam locomotives nearly. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that needs to be held completely surrounded by water in order to maintain the temp of the heating system surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating system surface which may be further increased by causing the gases reverse direction through a second parallel pipe or a bundle of multiple tubes (two-pass or come back flue boiler); additionally the gases may be studied along the edges and then under the boiler through flues (3-move boiler). In case there is a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel expands from the firebox and the hot gases go through a bundle of fire tubes inside the barrel which greatly escalates the heating surface compared to a single tube and further improves heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers have a comparatively low rate of steam creation usually, but high steam storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers burn off solid fuels mostly, but are readily adjustable to people of the liquid or gas variety. ',
38 => ' ',
39 => 'Diagram of a water-tube boiler. ',
40 => 'Water-tube boiler: In this type, pipes filled up with water are arranged inside a furnace in several possible configurations. Water pipes connect large drums Often, the low ones containing water and top of the ones water and steam; in other situations, such as a mono-tube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. This type provides high steam creation rates generally, but less storage capacity than the above. Water pipe boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications since the high-pressure water/vapor is contained within small size pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall structure. ',
41 => 'Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized kind of water-tube boiler where tubes are close together and water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the type of mono-tube steam generator where the pipe is permanently filled up with water. Super fast boiler, the pipe is kept so hot that the water feed is quickly flashed into steam and superheated. Flash boilers got some use in cars in the 19th century and this use continued in to the early 20th century. . ',
42 => ' ',
43 => '1950s design vapor locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class ',
44 => 'Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes both above types have been mixed in the next manner: the firebox includes an set up of water tubes, called thermic siphons. The gases then go through a typical firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed - but have fulfilled with little success in other countries. ',
45 => 'Sectional boiler. Within a solid iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" the water is included inside ensemble iron areas.[citation needed - These areas are assembled on site to produce the finished boiler. ',
46 => 'Safety ',
47 => 'See also: Boiler explosion ',
48 => 'To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations like the American Culture of Mechanical Designers (ASME) develop specifications and regulation codes. For instance, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a standard providing an array of guidelines and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with safety, design and security standards.[5 - ',
49 => ' ',
50 => 'Historically, boilers were a source of many serious injuries and property destruction due to badly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle metal shells can rupture, while welded or riveted seams could open up badly, leading to a violent eruption of the pressurized vapor. When drinking water is converted to steam it expands to over 1,000 times its original travels and volume down steam pipes at over 100 kilometres per hour. Because of this, vapor is a superb way of moving energy and warmth around a site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but without the right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising flower are affected from level corrosion and formation. At best, this boosts energy costs and can result in poor quality vapor, reduced efficiency, shorter plant life and unreliable operation. At worst, it can result in catastrophic reduction and failing of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler pipes can also aerosol scalding-hot steam and smoke out of the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who insert the coal into the open fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing a huge selection of horsepower to use factories can potentially demolish entire buildings.[6 - ',
51 => ' ',
52 => 'A boiler that has a loss of feed drinking water and it is permitted to boil dry can be extremely dangerous. If feed water is then sent in to the clear boiler, the tiny cascade of incoming drinking water instantly boils on connection with the superheated metal shell and leads to a violent explosion that can't be managed even by basic safety steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the steam source lines that is larger than the make-up water supply could replace. The Hartford Loop was invented in 1919 by the Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Company as a strategy to assist in preventing this condition from taking place, and thus reduce their insurance statements.[7 - [8 - ',
53 => ' ',
54 => 'Superheated steam boiler ',
55 => ' ',
56 => 'A superheated boiler on the steam locomotive. ',
57 => 'Main article: Superheater ',
58 => 'Most boilers produce vapor to be utilized at saturation heat; that is, saturated vapor. Superheated steam boilers vaporize the water and additional heating the steam in a superheater then. This provides vapor at much higher heat, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the vapor generating place because the bigger steam heat takes a higher flue gas exhaust temperatures.[citation needed - There are many ways to circumvent this issue, by providing an economizer that heats the give food to water typically, a combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust route, or both. There are benefits to superheated steam that may, and often will, increase overall efficiency of both steam generation and its utilization: benefits in input temperatures to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler complication and expense. There can also be practical limitations in using moist vapor, as entrained condensation droplets will harm turbine blades. ',
59 => ' ',
60 => 'Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any operational system component fails and allows steam to flee, the temperature and pressure can cause serious, instantaneous harm to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound from such a leak indicates its presence clearly. ',
61 => ' ',
62 => 'Superheater procedure is similar to that of the coils on an fresh air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The steam piping is directed through the flue gas route in the boiler furnace. The heat in this field is between 1 typically,300 and 1,600 °C (2,372 and 2,912 °F). Some superheaters are glowing type; that is, they absorb warmth by rays. Others are convection type, absorbing temperature from a liquid. Some are a combination of both types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will heat the superheater steam piping and the steam within also. While the temperature of the vapor in the superheater goes up, the pressure of the vapor does not and the pressure remains the same as that of the boiler.[9 - Almost all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to prevent damage to the turbine blading and associated piping. ',
63 => ' ',
64 => 'Supercritical steam generator ',
65 => ' ',
66 => 'Boiler for a charged power flower. ',
67 => 'Main article: Supercritical steam generator ',
68 => 'Supercritical steam generators are frequently used for the production of energy. They operate at supercritical pressure. As opposed to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a higher pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases that occurs; the liquid is neither liquid nor gas but a super-critical fluid. There is no era of steam bubbles within water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point at which steam bubbles can form. As the fluid expands through the turbine stages, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it does work turning the turbine which turns the electrical generator from which power is eventually extracted. The liquid at that point may be considered a mixture of steam and liquid droplets as it goes by in to the condenser. This leads to slightly less energy use and for that reason less greenhouse gas production. The word "boiler" shouldn't be used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this device. ',
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70 => 'Accessories ',
71 => 'Boiler accessories and fittings ',
72 => 'Pressuretrols to regulate the steam pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have 2 or 3 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a safety by setting top of the limit of vapor pressure, the working pressuretrol, which handles when the boiler fires to keep up pressure, as well as for boilers outfitted with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which controls the amount of fire. ',
73 => 'Safety valve: It is utilized to relieve pressure and stop possible explosion of a boiler. ',
74 => 'Water level indications: They show the operator the amount of fluid in the boiler, known as a sight glass also, water measure or drinking water column. ',
75 => 'Bottom blowdown valves: They provide a way for removing solid particulates that condense and rest on underneath of the boiler. As the name implies, this valve is located directly on the bottom of the boiler usually, and is sometimes opened up to use the pressure in the boiler to force these particulates out. ',
76 => 'Continuous blowdown valve: This allows a small level of water to flee continuously. Its purpose is to prevent water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would lead to foaming and cause water droplets to be carried over with the steam - an ailment known as priming. Blowdown is often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler drinking water also. ',
77 => 'Trycock: a kind of valve that is often use to manually check a water level in a container. Most commonly found on a water boiler. ',
78 => 'Flash container: High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where in fact the vapor can 'flash' safely and become used in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere as the ambient pressure blowdown flows to drain. ',
79 => 'Automatic blowdown/continuous heat recovery system: This technique allows the boiler to blowdown only when make-up water is flowing to the boiler, thereby transferring the utmost amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the make-up water. No flash tank is generally needed as the blowdown discharged is close to the temp of the makeup water. ',
80 => 'Hand holes: These are steel plates installed in openings in "header" to allow for inspections & installation of tubes and inspection of inner surfaces. ',
81 => 'Vapor drum internals, a series of display screen, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators). ',
82 => 'Low-water cutoff: It is a mechanical means (usually a float switch) that can be used to turn from the burner or shut down gas to the boiler to avoid it from running once the water runs below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burned without drinking water in it) it can cause rupture or catastrophic failing. ',
83 => 'Surface blowdown range: It offers a way for removing foam or other lightweight non-condensible chemicals that have a tendency to float on top of water inside the boiler. ',
84 => 'Circulating pump: It really is made to circulate water back to the boiler after they have expelled some of its heat. ',
85 => 'Feedwater check valve or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the feedwater range. This can be installed to the medial side of the boiler, just below the water level, or to the very best of the boiler.[10 - ',
86 => 'Top give food to: With this design for feedwater injection, water is fed to the very best of the boiler. This can reduce boiler exhaustion triggered by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over some trays water is quickly heated which can reduce limescale. ',
87 => 'Desuperheater pipes or bundles: A series of tubes or bundles of pipes in the water drum or the vapor drum made to cool superheated steam, in order to supply auxiliary equipment that will not need, or may be damaged by, dry out steam. ',
88 => 'Chemical substance injection line: A connection to add chemicals for controlling feedwater pH. ',
89 => 'Steam accessories ',
90 => 'Main vapor stop valve: ',
91 => 'Steam traps: ',
92 => 'Main vapor stop/check valve: It is used on multiple boiler installations. ',
93 => 'Combustion accessories ',
94 => 'Energy oil system:gas oil heaters ',
95 => 'Gas system: ',
96 => 'Coal system: ',
97 => 'Soot blower ',
98 => 'Other essential items ',
99 => 'Pressure gauges: ',
100 => 'Feed pumps: ',
101 => 'Fusible plug: ',
102 => 'Inspectors test pressure measure attachment: ',
103 => 'Name plate: ',
104 => 'Registration plate:'
] |