https://freedomdefined.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Tacotico&feedformat=atomDefinition of Free Cultural Works - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T14:38:19ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.38.4https://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Portal:Software&diff=4960Portal:Software2008-09-05T03:48:23Z<p>Tacotico: /* Free Software directories and repositories */</p>
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<div>{{Portals}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[[Media:http://www.example.com link title]]<br />
----<br />
--TaCo 23:48, 4 September 2008 (EDT)]== Free Software directories and repositories ==<br />
<br />
* The [http://directory.fsf.org/ Free Software Directory] is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Its aim is to "''catalog useful free software that runs under free operating systems — particularly the GNU operating system and its GNU/Linux variants''".<br />
<br />
* There are verious project hosting services open to all Free Software developers, which host projects under recognized Free Software or Open Source licenses. See for example [http://nongnu.org/ Savannah], [http://developer.berlios.de/ Berlios.de], [http://www.sf.net SourceForge], [http://gna.org/ Gna!], [http://tuxfamily.org/ TuxFamily].<br />
<br />
== Software for spreading your works ==<br />
<br />
*[http://blog.plumi.org/ Plumi] to roll your own video sharing site</div>Tacoticohttps://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Portal:Music&diff=4959Portal:Music2008-09-05T03:27:08Z<p>Tacotico: /* Recorded audio */</p>
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<div>{{Portals}}<br />
<br />
<math><br />
== Insert formula here ==<br />
[--TaCo 23:27, 4 September 2008 (EDT)http://www.example.com link title<br />
----<br />
]</math>==Recorded audio==<br />
drew Roberts has some spoken word works under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.<br />
<br />
They can be found here: [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=%28creator%3A%22drew%20Roberts%22%29%20OR%20%28collection%3A%28ourmedia%29%20AND%20%2Fmetadata%2Fauthor%3A%28drew%20Roberts%29%29 some of drew's stuff]<br />
<br />
Some people have made some music using some of these - [http://musicians.opensrc.org/DrewRoberts look here for the music.]<br />
<br />
Loca Records releases all music on the label as CC-BY-SA (though there are some older works that are EFF Open Audio and GPL'd). [http://www.locarecords.com Loca Records Website]<br />
<br />
The quick way into their downloads is [http://www.locarecords.com/music Loca Music as MP3/Ogg]<br />
<br />
==Scores and resources==<br />
The [http://www.cpdl.org Choral Public Domain Library] is a great resource for choral scores, texts, and translations, in a variety of formats.<br />
<br />
The [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/ Mutopia Project] contains classical scores under the CC-BY and CC-BY-SA license as well as public domain.<br />
<br />
[<br />
== http://www.example.com link title ==<br />
[[Media:<math>Example.ogg</math>--TaCo 23:26, 4 September 2008 (EDT)<br />
----<br />
]]]==Sharing of free audio==<br />
*[http://en.theorasea.org/ Theora Sea] for works in open media. Also includes Free Cultural Works.<br />
*[http://www.redpanal.com/ RedPanal.com] Online community/Social Network about Collaborative Music & Collective Musical Creation. Free CC-by-2.5(Ar.) licensed audio recordings and free Cultural Works.<br />
(in spanish).</div>Tacoticohttps://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Portal:Music&diff=4958Portal:Music2008-09-05T03:26:15Z<p>Tacotico: /* Sharing of free audio */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Portals}}<br />
<br />
==Recorded audio==<br />
drew Roberts has some spoken word works under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.<br />
<br />
They can be found here: [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=%28creator%3A%22drew%20Roberts%22%29%20OR%20%28collection%3A%28ourmedia%29%20AND%20%2Fmetadata%2Fauthor%3A%28drew%20Roberts%29%29 some of drew's stuff]<br />
<br />
Some people have made some music using some of these - [http://musicians.opensrc.org/DrewRoberts look here for the music.]<br />
<br />
Loca Records releases all music on the label as CC-BY-SA (though there are some older works that are EFF Open Audio and GPL'd). [http://www.locarecords.com Loca Records Website]<br />
<br />
The quick way into their downloads is [http://www.locarecords.com/music Loca Music as MP3/Ogg]<br />
<br />
==Scores and resources==<br />
The [http://www.cpdl.org Choral Public Domain Library] is a great resource for choral scores, texts, and translations, in a variety of formats.<br />
<br />
The [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/ Mutopia Project] contains classical scores under the CC-BY and CC-BY-SA license as well as public domain.<br />
<br />
[<br />
== http://www.example.com link title ==<br />
[[Media:<math>Example.ogg</math>--TaCo 23:26, 4 September 2008 (EDT)<br />
----<br />
]]]==Sharing of free audio==<br />
*[http://en.theorasea.org/ Theora Sea] for works in open media. Also includes Free Cultural Works.<br />
*[http://www.redpanal.com/ RedPanal.com] Online community/Social Network about Collaborative Music & Collective Musical Creation. Free CC-by-2.5(Ar.) licensed audio recordings and free Cultural Works.<br />
(in spanish).</div>Tacoticohttps://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=User:Tacotico&diff=4957User:Tacotico2008-09-05T03:24:38Z<p>Tacotico: New page: More than ever the perception of the law change,but in the big real word we are looking for a hand to grow up on the list,and the inmmigrants contribute to change some of this.Live go on b...</p>
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<div>More than ever the perception of the law change,but in the big real word we are looking for a hand to grow up on the list,and the inmmigrants contribute to change some of this.Live go on but, the ilegal situations are everywere an we can contribute in the right oposite way to solution to this situation.We have to remember that a lot of peopele Inmigrants,contribute to grew up ,traditions,music,art,folklore,and cry to make grew up in that big new world.The nature give us the chance to go on administrating our love to each other in the normal love ways.We contribute with short and longer times to inversions.Your ex -inmigrant friend.Peace. TaCo.</div>Tacoticohttps://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Definition/Es&diff=4956Definition/Es2008-09-05T03:05:44Z<p>Tacotico: /* Preámbulo */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{definition-langs}}<br />
<br />
{{divbox|gray|Versión estable|Ésta es una traducción de la versión estable 1.0 de la definición. El número de versión se actualizará según se desarrolle la definición. La versión editable de la definición está disponible en [[Definition/Unstable]]. Vea [[authoring process| proceso de autoría]] para más información.}}<br />
<br />
== Resumen ==<br />
<br />
Este documento define «obras culturales libres» (''Free Cultural Works'') como obras o expresiones que pueden ser libremente estudiadas, aplicadas, copiadas y/o modificadas por cualquiera, para cualquier propósito. También describe ciertas restricciones admisibles que respetan o protegen esas libertades esenciales. La definición distingue entre ''obras libres'', y ''[[Licenses|licencias libres]]'' que pueden usarse para proteger legalmente el estatus de una obra libre. La propia definición ''no'' es una licencia, sino una herramienta para determinar si una obra o licencia debería considerarse «libre».<br />
<br />
[--TaCo 23:05, 4 September 2008 (EDT)http://www.example.com link title[[Media:<br />
== Example.ogg ==<br />
]]]== Preámbulo ==<br />
<br />
Los avances sociales y tecnológicos hacen posible para una cada vez mayor parte de la humanidad ''acceder, crear, modificar, publicar y distribuir'' diversos tipos de trabajos &mdash;obras de arte, materiales científicos y educativos, software, artículos&mdash; en resumen: ''cualquier cosa que se pueda representar digitalmente''. Se han creado muchas comunidades para ejercer estas nuevas posibilidades y crear una riqueza de obras reutilizables colectivamente.<br />
<br />
La mayoría de los autores, sin importar su campo de actividad, ni su condición de aficionado o profesional, tienen un auténtico interés por favorecer un ecosistema en el que las obras puedan propagarse, reusarse y derivarse de forma creativa. Cuanto más sencillo es reutilizar y derivar trabajos, más ricas se hacen nuestras culturas. <br />
<br />
Para asegurar el feliz funcionamiento de este ecosistema, los trabajos de autoría deberían ser '''libres''', y por ''libertad'' entendemos:<br />
* la '''libertad de usar''' el trabajo y disfrutar de los beneficios de su uso<br />
* la '''libertad de estudiar''' el trabajo y aplicar el conocimiento adquirido de él<br />
* la '''libertad de hacer y redistribuir copias''', totales o parciales, de la información o expresión<br />
* la '''libertad de hacer cambios y mejoras''', y distribuir los trabajos derivados<br />
<br />
Estas libertades deberían estar disponibles para cualquiera, en cualquier sitio, en cualquier momento. No deberían restringirse por el contexto en el cual se use el trabajo. La creatividad es el acto de usar un recurso existente de una forma no vislumbrada previamente.<br />
<br />
Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los países estas libertades no están reforzadas, sino suprimidas por las leyes comúnmente denominadas ''leyes de copyright''. Consideran a los autores como dioses creadores y les dan un monopolio exclusivo sobre cómo puede reutilizarse «su contenido». Este monopolio impide el florecimiento de la cultura, y ni siquiera ayuda a la situación económica de sus autores tanto como protege el modelo de negocio de las empresas editoras más poderosas.<br />
<br />
A pesar de esas leyes, los autores pueden hacer que sus trabajos sean libres escogiendo entre una vasta colección de documentos legales conocidos como [[w:es:licencia|licencias libres]]. Para un autor, poner su trabajo bajo una ''licencia libre'' no supone que pierda todos sus derechos, sino que da a cualquiera las libertades arriba expresadas.<br />
<br />
Es importante que toda obra que se diga libre otorgue, en la práctica y sin ningún riesgo, las mencionadas libertades. Ésta es la razón por la que a continuación damos una precisa '''definición de libertad''' para licencias y obras de autor.<br />
<br />
== Identificación de las obras culturales libres ==<br />
<br />
Ésta es la ''definición de obra cultural libre'', y al describir su trabajo, le animamos a que haga referencia a esta definición, algo como «Ésta es una obra con una licencia libre, como se explica en la ''definición de obra cultural libre''». Si no le gusta el término «obra cultural libre», puede usar el término genérico «contenido libre», o referirse en su lugar a uno de los [[Existing Movements|movimientos existentes]] que expresan libertades similares en contextos más específicos. También le animamos a que utilice los [[logos and buttons|logotipos y botones de obra cultural libre]], que están en el dominio público.<br />
<br />
Tenga presente que esa identificación ''no'' otorga los derechos descritos en esta definición; para que su obra sea verdaderamente libre, debe usar una de las [[Licenses|licencias]] de cultura libre o estar en el dominio público.<br />
<br />
Le animamos a que no use otros términos para identificar las obras culturales libres que no conlleven una definición clara de libertad, como «contenido abierto» o «de acceso abierto». Estos términos se usan con frecuencia para referirse a contenidos que están disponibles bajo términos «menos restrictivos» que los de las leyes de derechos de autor existentes, o incluso para obras que simplemente están «disponibles en la web».<br />
<br />
== Definición de licencias de cultura libre ==<br />
<br />
Las licencias son instrumentos legales por los que el propietario de ciertos derechos legales puede transferir estos derechos a terceras partes. Las licencias de cultura libre no quitan ningún derecho; su aceptación es siempre opcional, y si se aceptan, conceden libertades que las leyes de derechos de autor por sí solas no proporcionan. Cuando se aceptan, nunca limitan o reducen las exenciones existentes en las leyes de derechos sobre autor.<br />
<br />
=== Libertades esenciales ===<br />
<br />
Para ser reconocida como «libre» en conformidad a esta definición, una licencia debe otorgar las siguientes libertades sin cortapisas:<br />
<br />
* '''La libertad de usar y ejecutar la obra:''' Se debe permitir que el licenciatario haga todo tipo de uso, privado o público, de la obra. Para los tipos de trabajo en los que sea relevante, esta libertad debe incluir todos los usos derivados («derechos relacionados») como ejecutar o interpretar la obra. No debe haber excepciones que consideren, por ejemplo, cuestiones políticas o religiosas.<br />
* '''La libertad de estudiar la obra y aplicar la información:''' Se debe permitir que el licenciatario examine la obra y utilice en cualquier manera el conocimiento obtenido de la obra. La licencia no puede, por ejemplo, restringir la «ingeniería inversa».<br />
* '''La libertad de redistribuir copias:''' Las copias pueden venderse, intercambiarse o darse gratis, como parte una obra mayor, una colección, o independientemente. No debe haber límite a la cantidad de información que se puede copiar. Tampoco debe haber límites sobre quien puede copiar la información o donde puede copiarse.<br />
* '''La libertad de distribuir obras derivadas:''' Con objeto de dar a todo el mundo la posibilidad de mejorar una obra, la licencia no debe limitar la libertad de distribuir una versión modificada (o, para obras físicas, una obra derivada de alguna manera del original), sin importar la intención y propósito de dichas modificaciones. Sin embargo, se pueden aplicar algunas restricciones para proteger estas libertades esenciales o la atribución a los autores (vea más abajo).<br />
<br />
=== Restricciones admisibles ===<br />
<br />
No todas las restricciones sobre el uso o la distribución de obras impiden las libertades esenciales. En particular, los requisitos de atribución, de colaboración simétrica (es decir, «copyleft»), y de protección de las libertades esenciales se consideran [[permissible restrictions|restricciones admisibles]].<br />
<br />
== Definición de obra cultural libre ==<br />
<br />
Para que sea considerada libre, una obra ''debe'' estar cubierta por una licencia, o su estado legal ''debe'' proporcionar las mismas ''libertades esenciales'' enumeradas anteriormente. Sin embargo, no es una condición suficiente. De hecho, una obra específica puede ser no-libre de otras maneras que restrinjan las libertades esenciales. Éstas son las condiciones adicionales para que una obra sea considerada libre:<br />
<br />
* '''Disponibilidad de los datos fuente:''' Si un trabajo final ha sido obtenido mediante la compilación o procesamiento de uno o varios ficheros fuente, todos los datos fuente subyacentes deben estar disponibles junto con el propio trabajo bajo las mismas condiciones. Este puede ser la partitura de una composición musical, los modelos usados en una escena 3D, los datos de una publicación científica, el código fuente de una aplicación informática, o cualquier otra información similar.<br />
<br />
* '''Uso de un formato libre:''' Para los ficheros digitales, el formato en que se haga disponible el trabajo no debe estar protegido por patentes, salvo que se conceda un permiso libre de regalías, ilimitado, irrevocable y de ámbito mundial para hacer uso de la tecnología patentada. Si bien en ocasiones se pueden usar formatos no-libres por razones prácticas, ''debe'' estar disponible una copia en un formato libre para que el trabajo sea considerado libre.<br />
<br />
* '''Sin restricciones técnicas:''' La obra debe estar disponible de una forma en la que no se usen medidas técnicas para limitar las libertadas enumeradas anteriormente.<br />
<br />
* '''Sin otras restricciones o limitaciones:''' La propia obra no debe estar cubierta por restricciones legales (patentes, contratos, etc.) o limitaciones (como derechos de privacidad) que impidan las libertades enumeradas anteriormente. Una obra puede hacer uso de las existentes exenciones legales al copyright (para citar obras protegidas), pero sólo las partes de ella que sean libres sin ambigüedades constituyen una obra libre.<br />
<br />
En otras palabras, siempre que el usuario de una obra no pueda ejercitar legalmente o en la práctica sus libertades básicas, la obra no puede ser considerada ni llamarse «libre».<br />
<br />
== Véase también ==<br />
<br />
* Consulte [[Licenses]] para un examen de diversas licencias, y si cumplen esta definición o no.<br />
* Consulte [[History]] para los reconocimientos y trasfondo de esta definición.<br />
* Consulte las [[FAQ|Preguntas más frecuentes]] para algunas preguntas y sus respuestas.<br />
* Vea [[Portal:Index]] para páginas sobre temas específicos de las obras culturales libres.<br />
<br />
== Versiones ==<br />
<br />
Se publicarán nuevas versiones de esta definición tan pronto como se haya desarrollado un consenso (alcanzado directamente o por medio de una votación, como se indica en [[authoring process|proceso de autoría]]) sobre los cambios propuestos. La numeración será 0.x para los borradores iniciales, 1.x, 2.x... para las versiones principales, y x.1, x.2... para las versiones menores. Una versión menor es aquélla en la que el texto se modifica de manera que no tiene ningún impacto sobre las licencias, existentes o hipotéticas, cubiertas por esta definición.<br />
<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
__NOTOC__</div>Tacoticohttps://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Licenses&diff=4955Licenses2008-09-05T03:01:49Z<p>Tacotico: /* GNU General Public License */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Comparison of Licenses ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width: 100%; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
! License<br />
! [[#Intended scope|Intended scope]]<br />
! [[#Copyleft|Copyleft]]<br />
! [[#Practical modifiability|Practical modifiability]]<br />
! [[#Attribution|Attribution]]<br />
! [[#Related rights|Related rights]]<br />
! [[#Access control prohibition|Access control prohibition]]<br />
! [[#Worldwide applicability|Worldwide applicability]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Against DRM|Against DRM]]<br />
| Works of art<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{yes|Granted}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Exact translations<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Creative Commons Attribution|Creative Commons Attribution]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| National adaptations <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike|Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| National adaptations<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Design Science License|Design Science License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally science data<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Free Art License|Free Art License]]<br />
| Works of art<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Exact translations (French law)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#FreeBSD Documentation License|FreeBSD Documentation License]]<br />
| Documentation<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]<br />
| Documentation<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU Lesser General Public License|GNU Lesser General Public License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally Software<br />
| {{partial|Weak}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally Software<br />
| {{yes|Strong}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Version 3 prohibits "Tivoisation" in certain cases}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Lizenz für Freie Inhalte|Lizenz für Freie Inhalte]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Unknown (license text is German)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#MIT License|MIT License]]<br />
| Software<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Criteria for choosing a license ==<br />
<br />
We explain hereafter some of the criteria which may influence your choice of a free content license. Those criteria are not inherently good or bad. The importance of each criteria depends on the context (for example the kind of work, or the kind of collaborative process you want to encourage), and on personal preferences.<br />
<br />
This list is not meant to be exhaustive. Other aspects may be important, like the clarity of the wording of a license, or the philosophy which is defended by its authors, or whether the license is surrounded by an active community of authors.<br />
<br />
Endly, we want to stress that, '''before choosing a license, you must read the license text carefully.''' No summary, no matter how attractive or reassuring, can replace detailed understanding of the license itself.<br />
<br />
=== Intended scope ===<br />
<br />
Some licenses strive to be as generic as is humanly (or rather, legally) possible. Others deliberately focus on a specific domain of creation, like software, or documentation. When a license has such a focus, it doesn't mean that it cannot be used for other kinds of works, but that its main area of use (and thus its social recognition as a trustable license) is clearly bounded.<br />
<br />
For example, the GNU GPL can be used for many kinds of works, but its main area of recognition is software.<br />
<br />
=== Copyleft ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_sa.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
When a work is "copylefted", it means all derived works (even if they mix in other works as well) must be distributed under the same terms (usually the same exact license) as the original work. Conversely, a non-copylefted work can be distributed under different terms, and even be rendered non-free.<br />
<br />
Therefore, using a copyleft license pretty much guarantees that users of subsequent works (for example modified copies) will be granted the same essential freedoms. On the other hand, a copyleft license can also limit opportunities for re-use, because most copyleft licenses are not compatible between each other. This is why people sometimes prefer non-copyleft license, depending on the work and the kind of practices they want to encourage.<br />
<br />
''ShareAlike'' is a synonym of ''copyleft'' in the Creative Commons vocabulary.<br />
<br />
Strong copyleft also forbids linking or integration the subject work into larger works/projects that are not also licensed with a license with compatible copyleft terms. Weak copyleft lacks such a 'viral copyleft' requirement.<br />
<br />
=== Practical modifiability ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_sc.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Although all free licenses give you the ''legal'' right to modify, not all of them try to specify how modifiability of the work is ''practically'' enforced. [[Source Code|Requiring modifiability]] is important, especially for works which can be distributed under a completely opaque format such as software binary code (''"object code"'').<br />
<br />
The licenses which require practical modifiability usually define a notion of ''source code'', ''source data'' or similar. The GNU FDL defines ''transparent copies'' and disallows use of technological protection measures (TPM). The Creative Commons licenses disallow use of TPMs.<br />
<br />
=== Attribution ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_by.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Requiring attribution means that authorship for the work must be recognized in any circumstances. In the context of derived works (modified copies), this includes the initial as well as subsequent authors and contributors.<br />
<br />
It is often stated that all licenses can implicitly require attribution, as they mandate that the copyright notice must be kept intact when distributing copies. By including up-to-date authorship information in the copyright notice, one can indeed forbid subsequent works to erase that information. However, future contributions to the work are not guaranteed to be also credited using such a mechanism; indeed, it is based on the good will of authors (or maintainers) of subsequent works. Having an Attribution requirement prevents this from happening and mandates that all subsequent works have the same policy in mentioning authorship.<br />
<br />
Attribution is a double-edged sword, as it may become a heavy burden to list all contributors for projects which imply seamless and massive collaboration (like Wikipedia). For many works it is, however, a reasonable requirement.<br />
<br />
=== Related rights ===<br />
<br />
''Related rights'' concern not the mere copying and modification of the work, but its use in a derived manner: for example, performing the work, displaying it in public or private, broadcasting, webcasting, etc. Related rights exist for various areas of creation (songs, theater...); they often belong to people other than the authors of the work, such as perfomers, producers of phonograms, etc.<br />
<br />
Some free content licenses take care to also grant related rights to the recipient of the work. There may even be a [[#Copyleft|copyleft]] provision which states that related works (interpretations, performances, recordings) must be released under the same license as the work.<br />
<br />
=== Access control prohibition ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_drm.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Some licenses contain a clause, which forbids to control access to the licensed content.<br />
In some licenses this clause concerns only the licensee (licensor can use access control systems to forbid not granted rights).<br />
<br />
[[[Media:http://www.example.com link title]][[Image:Example.jpg]]]=== Worldwide applicability ===<br />
<br />
When distributing a free work over the world, it is important to understand how people from other countries will be able to reuse this work.<br />
<br />
License writers have adopted three different strategies regarding the internationalization of their licenses:<br />
* ''same license for everyone'': only the original license text (often in English) is given legal value, and translations may be provided purely for information purposes;<br />
* ''exact translations'': translations of the original license text are provided, which all have legal value; those translations have exactly the same clauses and wording as the original text;<br />
* ''local adaptations'': the license is rewritten according to each national legal system.<br />
<br />
'''Attention: some licenses use a specific national law: so you cannot interpret the license through your national law, but through the law specified in the license.'''<br />
For example, Free Art License uses French law (you must pay attention to French law also if the license is written in English, German or other languages).<br />
<br />
The two first schemes ensure that --TaCo 23:00, 4 September 2008 (EDT)everyone is given the same rights. In the third scheme (local adaptations), similarity and equivalence of the different versions should be carefully examined.<br />
<br />
According to advocates of the adaptation scheme, licenses must be rewritten in order to cope with the peculiarities of the various legal systems. This position is held by the Creative Commons organization.<br />
<br />
According to opponents of the adaptation scheme, having different national versions of a license presents the risk to break trust and interoperability. Also, they stress that the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works] provides a framework which, with careful drafting, allows to write internationally applicable license texts. This position is held by the Free Software Foundation and by the Free Art License authors.<br />
<br />
== List of licenses ==<br />
<br />
=== Against DRM ===<br />
<br />
* current version: 2.0<br />
* author: [http://www.freecreations.org Free Creations]<br />
* reference URL (English): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2.html <br />
* reference URL (Italian): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_it.html<br />
* reference URL (Spanish - Castilian): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_es1.html<br />
* reference URL (Spanish - Catalan): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_es2.html<br />
* reference URL (French): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_fr.html<br />
<br />
=== BSD-like non-copyleft licenses ===<br />
<br />
In parallel with the set of GNU licenses (including the [[#GNU GPL|GNU GPL]]), the [[Existing Movements#Free Software|free software]] world evolved a number of very simple non-copyleft licenses. These licenses are so simple that no dedicated text is needed to expose the terms of the license. To reuse such a license, you must take its text and replace the copyright notice with your own. Since these licenses are non-copyleft, changing the license text in such a way does not prevent reuse between works from happening.<br />
<br />
Regardless of their wording, these licenses always grant the user very broad rights, including the right to modify and distribute without supplying any source code. Also, their concise wording makes them simple to understand and unambiguous as to their effects.<br />
<br />
These licenses are often called "BSD-like" because the first occurence of such a license has been the license under which the Berkeley Software Distribution (one of the first free versions of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix Unix]) was shipped to users.<br />
<br />
One should distinguish the original BSD license with its controversial ''[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/bsd.html advertising clause]'' from the revised BSD license that does not have the advertising clause. <br />
<br />
=== Creative Commons Attribution ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: CC-BY<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
<br />
=== Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: CC-BY-SA<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
<!-- <rdf:RDF xmlns="http://web.resource.org/cc/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><br />
<Work rdf:about="urn:sha1:XCKBXFCIAIKUOW2D5JXEH3C5GFHUVHHL"><dc:date>2008</dc:date><dc:title>yung buttah</dc:title><dc:description></dc:description><dc:rights><Agent><dc:title>intro</dc:title></Agent></dc:rights><dc:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Sound" /><license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" /></Work><br />
<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/"><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks" /><prohibits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/CommercialUse" /><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike" /><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice" /></License><br />
</rdf:RDF> --><br />
<br />
=== Design Science License ===<br />
<br />
* ''Not maintained anymore''<ref></ref><br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/dsl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== FreeBSD Documentation License ===<br />
<br />
* author: [http://www.freebsd.org/ FreeBSD Project]<br />
* reference URL: [http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-doc-license.html http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-doc-license.html]<br />
<br />
Although especially written for the FreeBSD project, this license shows you how to draft a very simple non-copyleft license for documentation works.<br />
<br />
[[http://www.example.com link title][[Media:[[Media:Example.ogg]]<math><math>Insert formula here</math>--TaCo 22:57, 4 September 2008 (EDT)</math>]]]=== Free Art License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: License Arte Libre, FAL, LAL<br />
* Current version: 1.3<br />
* author: [http://artlibre.org/ Copyleft Attitude]<br />
* [http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en/ License text (English, version 1.2)]<br />
* [http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/ License text (French)]<br />
<br />
=== GNU Free Documentation License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: GNU FDL, GFDL, FDL<br />
* Current version: 1.2<br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
==== Invariant sections ====<br />
<br />
''Invariant sections'' are a special provision of the GFDL which, if used, prevent anyone from modifying the parts of the work which are defined as "invariant". The Free Software Foundation finds it useful to protect some special "non-functional" parts of the work, like a statement of intent (the motivation for invariant sections was, allegedly, to prevent the GNU Manifesto to be removed or modified in GNU documentations).<br />
<br />
We believe, however, that freedom should apply to all kind of works, and that what is "functional" in one situation can be "artistic" in another - and vice-versa. Consequently, a work using invariant sections to forbid some kinds of modifications to the work cannot be considered completely free.<br />
<br />
Unless additional permissions are granted, all FDL works contain unmodifiable sections which aren't called ''Invariant Sections'', such as a copy of the license embedded in the document itself.<br />
<br />
[[[Media:http://www.example.com link title]]--TaCo 23:01, 4 September 2008 (EDT)]=== GNU General Public License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: GNU GPL, GPL<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
* Author: [http://www.fsf.org/ Free Software Foundation]<br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
The GNU GPL is, according to various statistics, probably the most used free software license. It was also the first license to implement the concept of [[#Copyleft|copyleft]], guaranteeing that "GPL'ed" free software cannot become, or take part in, non-free software.<br />
<br />
Although the GPL is primarily intended for software programs, it is worded so as to apply to many different kinds of works. The main condition for the GPL to be applicable to a type of work is that it admits the notion of a ''preferred form of a work for making modifications to it'' (be it source code in a computer language, music score notation, digital graphics under a format retaining structure, etc.). For example, there are many occurences of text or graphics released under the GPL.<br />
<br />
=== Lizenz für Freie Inhalte ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: LFFI<br />
* [http://www.neppstar.net/webstar/freieinhalte-webstar.html License Text (German)]<br />
<br />
AFAIK only used by the german portal neppstar for free music and video. Anyway, it seems to be a valid free license.<br />
<br />
=== MIT License ===<br />
<br />
* author: MIT<br />
* reference URL: [http://www.opensource.org/osi3.0/licenses/mit-license.php http://www.opensource.org/osi3.0/licenses/mit-license.php]<br />
<br />
This license is arguably the simplest form of the BSD-like licenses for software. All the license, except for the no-warranty statement, is condensed in two short paragraphs.<br />
<br />
There are variants, like the [http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php current BSD license] which has an additional provision forbidding endorsement of derived works using the name of the original authors.<br />
<br />
=== Commentary on non-free licenses ===<br />
<br />
* [[Licenses/NC|Essay about the Creative Commons non-commercial restriction]]</div>Tacoticohttps://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Licenses&diff=4954Licenses2008-09-05T03:00:21Z<p>Tacotico: /* Worldwide applicability */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Comparison of Licenses ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width: 100%; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
! License<br />
! [[#Intended scope|Intended scope]]<br />
! [[#Copyleft|Copyleft]]<br />
! [[#Practical modifiability|Practical modifiability]]<br />
! [[#Attribution|Attribution]]<br />
! [[#Related rights|Related rights]]<br />
! [[#Access control prohibition|Access control prohibition]]<br />
! [[#Worldwide applicability|Worldwide applicability]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Against DRM|Against DRM]]<br />
| Works of art<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{yes|Granted}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Exact translations<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Creative Commons Attribution|Creative Commons Attribution]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| National adaptations <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike|Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| National adaptations<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Design Science License|Design Science License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally science data<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Free Art License|Free Art License]]<br />
| Works of art<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Exact translations (French law)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#FreeBSD Documentation License|FreeBSD Documentation License]]<br />
| Documentation<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]<br />
| Documentation<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU Lesser General Public License|GNU Lesser General Public License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally Software<br />
| {{partial|Weak}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally Software<br />
| {{yes|Strong}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Version 3 prohibits "Tivoisation" in certain cases}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Lizenz für Freie Inhalte|Lizenz für Freie Inhalte]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Unknown (license text is German)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#MIT License|MIT License]]<br />
| Software<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Criteria for choosing a license ==<br />
<br />
We explain hereafter some of the criteria which may influence your choice of a free content license. Those criteria are not inherently good or bad. The importance of each criteria depends on the context (for example the kind of work, or the kind of collaborative process you want to encourage), and on personal preferences.<br />
<br />
This list is not meant to be exhaustive. Other aspects may be important, like the clarity of the wording of a license, or the philosophy which is defended by its authors, or whether the license is surrounded by an active community of authors.<br />
<br />
Endly, we want to stress that, '''before choosing a license, you must read the license text carefully.''' No summary, no matter how attractive or reassuring, can replace detailed understanding of the license itself.<br />
<br />
=== Intended scope ===<br />
<br />
Some licenses strive to be as generic as is humanly (or rather, legally) possible. Others deliberately focus on a specific domain of creation, like software, or documentation. When a license has such a focus, it doesn't mean that it cannot be used for other kinds of works, but that its main area of use (and thus its social recognition as a trustable license) is clearly bounded.<br />
<br />
For example, the GNU GPL can be used for many kinds of works, but its main area of recognition is software.<br />
<br />
=== Copyleft ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_sa.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
When a work is "copylefted", it means all derived works (even if they mix in other works as well) must be distributed under the same terms (usually the same exact license) as the original work. Conversely, a non-copylefted work can be distributed under different terms, and even be rendered non-free.<br />
<br />
Therefore, using a copyleft license pretty much guarantees that users of subsequent works (for example modified copies) will be granted the same essential freedoms. On the other hand, a copyleft license can also limit opportunities for re-use, because most copyleft licenses are not compatible between each other. This is why people sometimes prefer non-copyleft license, depending on the work and the kind of practices they want to encourage.<br />
<br />
''ShareAlike'' is a synonym of ''copyleft'' in the Creative Commons vocabulary.<br />
<br />
Strong copyleft also forbids linking or integration the subject work into larger works/projects that are not also licensed with a license with compatible copyleft terms. Weak copyleft lacks such a 'viral copyleft' requirement.<br />
<br />
=== Practical modifiability ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_sc.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Although all free licenses give you the ''legal'' right to modify, not all of them try to specify how modifiability of the work is ''practically'' enforced. [[Source Code|Requiring modifiability]] is important, especially for works which can be distributed under a completely opaque format such as software binary code (''"object code"'').<br />
<br />
The licenses which require practical modifiability usually define a notion of ''source code'', ''source data'' or similar. The GNU FDL defines ''transparent copies'' and disallows use of technological protection measures (TPM). The Creative Commons licenses disallow use of TPMs.<br />
<br />
=== Attribution ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_by.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Requiring attribution means that authorship for the work must be recognized in any circumstances. In the context of derived works (modified copies), this includes the initial as well as subsequent authors and contributors.<br />
<br />
It is often stated that all licenses can implicitly require attribution, as they mandate that the copyright notice must be kept intact when distributing copies. By including up-to-date authorship information in the copyright notice, one can indeed forbid subsequent works to erase that information. However, future contributions to the work are not guaranteed to be also credited using such a mechanism; indeed, it is based on the good will of authors (or maintainers) of subsequent works. Having an Attribution requirement prevents this from happening and mandates that all subsequent works have the same policy in mentioning authorship.<br />
<br />
Attribution is a double-edged sword, as it may become a heavy burden to list all contributors for projects which imply seamless and massive collaboration (like Wikipedia). For many works it is, however, a reasonable requirement.<br />
<br />
=== Related rights ===<br />
<br />
''Related rights'' concern not the mere copying and modification of the work, but its use in a derived manner: for example, performing the work, displaying it in public or private, broadcasting, webcasting, etc. Related rights exist for various areas of creation (songs, theater...); they often belong to people other than the authors of the work, such as perfomers, producers of phonograms, etc.<br />
<br />
Some free content licenses take care to also grant related rights to the recipient of the work. There may even be a [[#Copyleft|copyleft]] provision which states that related works (interpretations, performances, recordings) must be released under the same license as the work.<br />
<br />
=== Access control prohibition ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_drm.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Some licenses contain a clause, which forbids to control access to the licensed content.<br />
In some licenses this clause concerns only the licensee (licensor can use access control systems to forbid not granted rights).<br />
<br />
[[[Media:http://www.example.com link title]][[Image:Example.jpg]]]=== Worldwide applicability ===<br />
<br />
When distributing a free work over the world, it is important to understand how people from other countries will be able to reuse this work.<br />
<br />
License writers have adopted three different strategies regarding the internationalization of their licenses:<br />
* ''same license for everyone'': only the original license text (often in English) is given legal value, and translations may be provided purely for information purposes;<br />
* ''exact translations'': translations of the original license text are provided, which all have legal value; those translations have exactly the same clauses and wording as the original text;<br />
* ''local adaptations'': the license is rewritten according to each national legal system.<br />
<br />
'''Attention: some licenses use a specific national law: so you cannot interpret the license through your national law, but through the law specified in the license.'''<br />
For example, Free Art License uses French law (you must pay attention to French law also if the license is written in English, German or other languages).<br />
<br />
The two first schemes ensure that --TaCo 23:00, 4 September 2008 (EDT)everyone is given the same rights. In the third scheme (local adaptations), similarity and equivalence of the different versions should be carefully examined.<br />
<br />
According to advocates of the adaptation scheme, licenses must be rewritten in order to cope with the peculiarities of the various legal systems. This position is held by the Creative Commons organization.<br />
<br />
According to opponents of the adaptation scheme, having different national versions of a license presents the risk to break trust and interoperability. Also, they stress that the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works] provides a framework which, with careful drafting, allows to write internationally applicable license texts. This position is held by the Free Software Foundation and by the Free Art License authors.<br />
<br />
== List of licenses ==<br />
<br />
=== Against DRM ===<br />
<br />
* current version: 2.0<br />
* author: [http://www.freecreations.org Free Creations]<br />
* reference URL (English): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2.html <br />
* reference URL (Italian): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_it.html<br />
* reference URL (Spanish - Castilian): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_es1.html<br />
* reference URL (Spanish - Catalan): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_es2.html<br />
* reference URL (French): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_fr.html<br />
<br />
=== BSD-like non-copyleft licenses ===<br />
<br />
In parallel with the set of GNU licenses (including the [[#GNU GPL|GNU GPL]]), the [[Existing Movements#Free Software|free software]] world evolved a number of very simple non-copyleft licenses. These licenses are so simple that no dedicated text is needed to expose the terms of the license. To reuse such a license, you must take its text and replace the copyright notice with your own. Since these licenses are non-copyleft, changing the license text in such a way does not prevent reuse between works from happening.<br />
<br />
Regardless of their wording, these licenses always grant the user very broad rights, including the right to modify and distribute without supplying any source code. Also, their concise wording makes them simple to understand and unambiguous as to their effects.<br />
<br />
These licenses are often called "BSD-like" because the first occurence of such a license has been the license under which the Berkeley Software Distribution (one of the first free versions of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix Unix]) was shipped to users.<br />
<br />
One should distinguish the original BSD license with its controversial ''[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/bsd.html advertising clause]'' from the revised BSD license that does not have the advertising clause. <br />
<br />
=== Creative Commons Attribution ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: CC-BY<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
<br />
=== Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: CC-BY-SA<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
<!-- <rdf:RDF xmlns="http://web.resource.org/cc/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><br />
<Work rdf:about="urn:sha1:XCKBXFCIAIKUOW2D5JXEH3C5GFHUVHHL"><dc:date>2008</dc:date><dc:title>yung buttah</dc:title><dc:description></dc:description><dc:rights><Agent><dc:title>intro</dc:title></Agent></dc:rights><dc:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Sound" /><license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" /></Work><br />
<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/"><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks" /><prohibits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/CommercialUse" /><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike" /><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice" /></License><br />
</rdf:RDF> --><br />
<br />
=== Design Science License ===<br />
<br />
* ''Not maintained anymore''<ref></ref><br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/dsl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== FreeBSD Documentation License ===<br />
<br />
* author: [http://www.freebsd.org/ FreeBSD Project]<br />
* reference URL: [http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-doc-license.html http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-doc-license.html]<br />
<br />
Although especially written for the FreeBSD project, this license shows you how to draft a very simple non-copyleft license for documentation works.<br />
<br />
[[http://www.example.com link title][[Media:[[Media:Example.ogg]]<math><math>Insert formula here</math>--TaCo 22:57, 4 September 2008 (EDT)</math>]]]=== Free Art License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: License Arte Libre, FAL, LAL<br />
* Current version: 1.3<br />
* author: [http://artlibre.org/ Copyleft Attitude]<br />
* [http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en/ License text (English, version 1.2)]<br />
* [http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/ License text (French)]<br />
<br />
=== GNU Free Documentation License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: GNU FDL, GFDL, FDL<br />
* Current version: 1.2<br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
==== Invariant sections ====<br />
<br />
''Invariant sections'' are a special provision of the GFDL which, if used, prevent anyone from modifying the parts of the work which are defined as "invariant". The Free Software Foundation finds it useful to protect some special "non-functional" parts of the work, like a statement of intent (the motivation for invariant sections was, allegedly, to prevent the GNU Manifesto to be removed or modified in GNU documentations).<br />
<br />
We believe, however, that freedom should apply to all kind of works, and that what is "functional" in one situation can be "artistic" in another - and vice-versa. Consequently, a work using invariant sections to forbid some kinds of modifications to the work cannot be considered completely free.<br />
<br />
Unless additional permissions are granted, all FDL works contain unmodifiable sections which aren't called ''Invariant Sections'', such as a copy of the license embedded in the document itself.<br />
<br />
=== GNU General Public License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: GNU GPL, GPL<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
* Author: [http://www.fsf.org/ Free Software Foundation]<br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
The GNU GPL is, according to various statistics, probably the most used free software license. It was also the first license to implement the concept of [[#Copyleft|copyleft]], guaranteeing that "GPL'ed" free software cannot become, or take part in, non-free software.<br />
<br />
Although the GPL is primarily intended for software programs, it is worded so as to apply to many different kinds of works. The main condition for the GPL to be applicable to a type of work is that it admits the notion of a ''preferred form of a work for making modifications to it'' (be it source code in a computer language, music score notation, digital graphics under a format retaining structure, etc.). For example, there are many occurences of text or graphics released under the GPL.<br />
<br />
=== Lizenz für Freie Inhalte ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: LFFI<br />
* [http://www.neppstar.net/webstar/freieinhalte-webstar.html License Text (German)]<br />
<br />
AFAIK only used by the german portal neppstar for free music and video. Anyway, it seems to be a valid free license.<br />
<br />
=== MIT License ===<br />
<br />
* author: MIT<br />
* reference URL: [http://www.opensource.org/osi3.0/licenses/mit-license.php http://www.opensource.org/osi3.0/licenses/mit-license.php]<br />
<br />
This license is arguably the simplest form of the BSD-like licenses for software. All the license, except for the no-warranty statement, is condensed in two short paragraphs.<br />
<br />
There are variants, like the [http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php current BSD license] which has an additional provision forbidding endorsement of derived works using the name of the original authors.<br />
<br />
=== Commentary on non-free licenses ===<br />
<br />
* [[Licenses/NC|Essay about the Creative Commons non-commercial restriction]]</div>Tacoticohttps://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Licenses&diff=4953Licenses2008-09-05T02:57:44Z<p>Tacotico: /* Free Art License */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Comparison of Licenses ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width: 100%; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
! License<br />
! [[#Intended scope|Intended scope]]<br />
! [[#Copyleft|Copyleft]]<br />
! [[#Practical modifiability|Practical modifiability]]<br />
! [[#Attribution|Attribution]]<br />
! [[#Related rights|Related rights]]<br />
! [[#Access control prohibition|Access control prohibition]]<br />
! [[#Worldwide applicability|Worldwide applicability]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Against DRM|Against DRM]]<br />
| Works of art<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{yes|Granted}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Exact translations<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Creative Commons Attribution|Creative Commons Attribution]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| National adaptations <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike|Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| National adaptations<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Design Science License|Design Science License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally science data<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Free Art License|Free Art License]]<br />
| Works of art<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Exact translations (French law)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#FreeBSD Documentation License|FreeBSD Documentation License]]<br />
| Documentation<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]<br />
| Documentation<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU Lesser General Public License|GNU Lesser General Public License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally Software<br />
| {{partial|Weak}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]]<br />
| Generic, optimally Software<br />
| {{yes|Strong}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Version 3 prohibits "Tivoisation" in certain cases}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Lizenz für Freie Inhalte|Lizenz für Freie Inhalte]]<br />
| Generic<br />
| {{yes|Normal}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Unknown (license text is German)<br />
|-<br />
| [[#MIT License|MIT License]]<br />
| Software<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{partial|Copyright notice}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| Same license (English version)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Criteria for choosing a license ==<br />
<br />
We explain hereafter some of the criteria which may influence your choice of a free content license. Those criteria are not inherently good or bad. The importance of each criteria depends on the context (for example the kind of work, or the kind of collaborative process you want to encourage), and on personal preferences.<br />
<br />
This list is not meant to be exhaustive. Other aspects may be important, like the clarity of the wording of a license, or the philosophy which is defended by its authors, or whether the license is surrounded by an active community of authors.<br />
<br />
Endly, we want to stress that, '''before choosing a license, you must read the license text carefully.''' No summary, no matter how attractive or reassuring, can replace detailed understanding of the license itself.<br />
<br />
=== Intended scope ===<br />
<br />
Some licenses strive to be as generic as is humanly (or rather, legally) possible. Others deliberately focus on a specific domain of creation, like software, or documentation. When a license has such a focus, it doesn't mean that it cannot be used for other kinds of works, but that its main area of use (and thus its social recognition as a trustable license) is clearly bounded.<br />
<br />
For example, the GNU GPL can be used for many kinds of works, but its main area of recognition is software.<br />
<br />
=== Copyleft ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_sa.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
When a work is "copylefted", it means all derived works (even if they mix in other works as well) must be distributed under the same terms (usually the same exact license) as the original work. Conversely, a non-copylefted work can be distributed under different terms, and even be rendered non-free.<br />
<br />
Therefore, using a copyleft license pretty much guarantees that users of subsequent works (for example modified copies) will be granted the same essential freedoms. On the other hand, a copyleft license can also limit opportunities for re-use, because most copyleft licenses are not compatible between each other. This is why people sometimes prefer non-copyleft license, depending on the work and the kind of practices they want to encourage.<br />
<br />
''ShareAlike'' is a synonym of ''copyleft'' in the Creative Commons vocabulary.<br />
<br />
Strong copyleft also forbids linking or integration the subject work into larger works/projects that are not also licensed with a license with compatible copyleft terms. Weak copyleft lacks such a 'viral copyleft' requirement.<br />
<br />
=== Practical modifiability ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_sc.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Although all free licenses give you the ''legal'' right to modify, not all of them try to specify how modifiability of the work is ''practically'' enforced. [[Source Code|Requiring modifiability]] is important, especially for works which can be distributed under a completely opaque format such as software binary code (''"object code"'').<br />
<br />
The licenses which require practical modifiability usually define a notion of ''source code'', ''source data'' or similar. The GNU FDL defines ''transparent copies'' and disallows use of technological protection measures (TPM). The Creative Commons licenses disallow use of TPMs.<br />
<br />
=== Attribution ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_by.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Requiring attribution means that authorship for the work must be recognized in any circumstances. In the context of derived works (modified copies), this includes the initial as well as subsequent authors and contributors.<br />
<br />
It is often stated that all licenses can implicitly require attribution, as they mandate that the copyright notice must be kept intact when distributing copies. By including up-to-date authorship information in the copyright notice, one can indeed forbid subsequent works to erase that information. However, future contributions to the work are not guaranteed to be also credited using such a mechanism; indeed, it is based on the good will of authors (or maintainers) of subsequent works. Having an Attribution requirement prevents this from happening and mandates that all subsequent works have the same policy in mentioning authorship.<br />
<br />
Attribution is a double-edged sword, as it may become a heavy burden to list all contributors for projects which imply seamless and massive collaboration (like Wikipedia). For many works it is, however, a reasonable requirement.<br />
<br />
=== Related rights ===<br />
<br />
''Related rights'' concern not the mere copying and modification of the work, but its use in a derived manner: for example, performing the work, displaying it in public or private, broadcasting, webcasting, etc. Related rights exist for various areas of creation (songs, theater...); they often belong to people other than the authors of the work, such as perfomers, producers of phonograms, etc.<br />
<br />
Some free content licenses take care to also grant related rights to the recipient of the work. There may even be a [[#Copyleft|copyleft]] provision which states that related works (interpretations, performances, recordings) must be released under the same license as the work.<br />
<br />
=== Access control prohibition ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fd_sq_icon_drm.svg|48px]]<br />
<br />
Some licenses contain a clause, which forbids to control access to the licensed content.<br />
In some licenses this clause concerns only the licensee (licensor can use access control systems to forbid not granted rights).<br />
<br />
=== Worldwide applicability ===<br />
<br />
When distributing a free work over the world, it is important to understand how people from other countries will be able to reuse this work.<br />
<br />
License writers have adopted three different strategies regarding the internationalization of their licenses:<br />
* ''same license for everyone'': only the original license text (often in English) is given legal value, and translations may be provided purely for information purposes;<br />
* ''exact translations'': translations of the original license text are provided, which all have legal value; those translations have exactly the same clauses and wording as the original text;<br />
* ''local adaptations'': the license is rewritten according to each national legal system.<br />
<br />
'''Attention: some licenses use a specific national law: so you cannot interpret the license through your national law, but through the law specified in the license.'''<br />
For example, Free Art License uses French law (you must pay attention to French law also if the license is written in English, German or other languages).<br />
<br />
The two first schemes ensure that everyone is given the same rights. In the third scheme (local adaptations), similarity and equivalence of the different versions should be carefully examined.<br />
<br />
According to advocates of the adaptation scheme, licenses must be rewritten in order to cope with the peculiarities of the various legal systems. This position is held by the Creative Commons organization.<br />
<br />
According to opponents of the adaptation scheme, having different national versions of a license presents the risk to break trust and interoperability. Also, they stress that the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works] provides a framework which, with careful drafting, allows to write internationally applicable license texts. This position is held by the Free Software Foundation and by the Free Art License authors.<br />
<br />
== List of licenses ==<br />
<br />
=== Against DRM ===<br />
<br />
* current version: 2.0<br />
* author: [http://www.freecreations.org Free Creations]<br />
* reference URL (English): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2.html <br />
* reference URL (Italian): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_it.html<br />
* reference URL (Spanish - Castilian): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_es1.html<br />
* reference URL (Spanish - Catalan): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_es2.html<br />
* reference URL (French): http://www.freecreations.org/Against_DRM2_fr.html<br />
<br />
=== BSD-like non-copyleft licenses ===<br />
<br />
In parallel with the set of GNU licenses (including the [[#GNU GPL|GNU GPL]]), the [[Existing Movements#Free Software|free software]] world evolved a number of very simple non-copyleft licenses. These licenses are so simple that no dedicated text is needed to expose the terms of the license. To reuse such a license, you must take its text and replace the copyright notice with your own. Since these licenses are non-copyleft, changing the license text in such a way does not prevent reuse between works from happening.<br />
<br />
Regardless of their wording, these licenses always grant the user very broad rights, including the right to modify and distribute without supplying any source code. Also, their concise wording makes them simple to understand and unambiguous as to their effects.<br />
<br />
These licenses are often called "BSD-like" because the first occurence of such a license has been the license under which the Berkeley Software Distribution (one of the first free versions of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix Unix]) was shipped to users.<br />
<br />
One should distinguish the original BSD license with its controversial ''[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/bsd.html advertising clause]'' from the revised BSD license that does not have the advertising clause. <br />
<br />
=== Creative Commons Attribution ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: CC-BY<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
<br />
=== Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: CC-BY-SA<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
<!-- <rdf:RDF xmlns="http://web.resource.org/cc/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><br />
<Work rdf:about="urn:sha1:XCKBXFCIAIKUOW2D5JXEH3C5GFHUVHHL"><dc:date>2008</dc:date><dc:title>yung buttah</dc:title><dc:description></dc:description><dc:rights><Agent><dc:title>intro</dc:title></Agent></dc:rights><dc:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Sound" /><license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" /></Work><br />
<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/"><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution" /><permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks" /><prohibits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/CommercialUse" /><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike" /><requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice" /></License><br />
</rdf:RDF> --><br />
<br />
=== Design Science License ===<br />
<br />
* ''Not maintained anymore''<ref></ref><br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/dsl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== FreeBSD Documentation License ===<br />
<br />
* author: [http://www.freebsd.org/ FreeBSD Project]<br />
* reference URL: [http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-doc-license.html http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-doc-license.html]<br />
<br />
Although especially written for the FreeBSD project, this license shows you how to draft a very simple non-copyleft license for documentation works.<br />
<br />
[[http://www.example.com link title][[Media:[[Media:Example.ogg]]<math><math>Insert formula here</math>--TaCo 22:57, 4 September 2008 (EDT)</math>]]]=== Free Art License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: License Arte Libre, FAL, LAL<br />
* Current version: 1.3<br />
* author: [http://artlibre.org/ Copyleft Attitude]<br />
* [http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en/ License text (English, version 1.2)]<br />
* [http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/ License text (French)]<br />
<br />
=== GNU Free Documentation License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: GNU FDL, GFDL, FDL<br />
* Current version: 1.2<br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
==== Invariant sections ====<br />
<br />
''Invariant sections'' are a special provision of the GFDL which, if used, prevent anyone from modifying the parts of the work which are defined as "invariant". The Free Software Foundation finds it useful to protect some special "non-functional" parts of the work, like a statement of intent (the motivation for invariant sections was, allegedly, to prevent the GNU Manifesto to be removed or modified in GNU documentations).<br />
<br />
We believe, however, that freedom should apply to all kind of works, and that what is "functional" in one situation can be "artistic" in another - and vice-versa. Consequently, a work using invariant sections to forbid some kinds of modifications to the work cannot be considered completely free.<br />
<br />
Unless additional permissions are granted, all FDL works contain unmodifiable sections which aren't called ''Invariant Sections'', such as a copy of the license embedded in the document itself.<br />
<br />
=== GNU General Public License ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: GNU GPL, GPL<br />
* Current version: 3.0<br />
* Author: [http://www.fsf.org/ Free Software Foundation]<br />
* [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html License text (English)]<br />
<br />
The GNU GPL is, according to various statistics, probably the most used free software license. It was also the first license to implement the concept of [[#Copyleft|copyleft]], guaranteeing that "GPL'ed" free software cannot become, or take part in, non-free software.<br />
<br />
Although the GPL is primarily intended for software programs, it is worded so as to apply to many different kinds of works. The main condition for the GPL to be applicable to a type of work is that it admits the notion of a ''preferred form of a work for making modifications to it'' (be it source code in a computer language, music score notation, digital graphics under a format retaining structure, etc.). For example, there are many occurences of text or graphics released under the GPL.<br />
<br />
=== Lizenz für Freie Inhalte ===<br />
<br />
* Aliases: LFFI<br />
* [http://www.neppstar.net/webstar/freieinhalte-webstar.html License Text (German)]<br />
<br />
AFAIK only used by the german portal neppstar for free music and video. Anyway, it seems to be a valid free license.<br />
<br />
=== MIT License ===<br />
<br />
* author: MIT<br />
* reference URL: [http://www.opensource.org/osi3.0/licenses/mit-license.php http://www.opensource.org/osi3.0/licenses/mit-license.php]<br />
<br />
This license is arguably the simplest form of the BSD-like licenses for software. All the license, except for the no-warranty statement, is condensed in two short paragraphs.<br />
<br />
There are variants, like the [http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php current BSD license] which has an additional provision forbidding endorsement of derived works using the name of the original authors.<br />
<br />
=== Commentary on non-free licenses ===<br />
<br />
* [[Licenses/NC|Essay about the Creative Commons non-commercial restriction]]</div>Tacotico